The Anesthetic Properties of Carbon Dioxid *

Leake, Chauncey D.; Waters, Ralph M.

doi:10.1213/00000539-192901000-00008

Cited by 30 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 0 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…While prolonged, mild hypoxia impairs vision and certain other sensations (1), its effect on the perception of thermal pain has not been described. Similarly, severe hypercapnia produced by breathing 30 per cent carbon dioxide produces anesthesia (2,3), but the analgetic effects of lower concentrations have received only brief consideration (4,5). The present studies were undertaken to determine whether hypoxia or hypercapnia is responsible for the analgesia of asphyxia.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Hypoxia and Hypercapnia on Perception of Thermal Cutaneous Pain

Stokes¹,

Chapman²,

Smith³

1948

J. Clin. Invest.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Hypoxia and Hypercapnia on Perception of Thermal Cutaneous Pain

Stokes¹,

Chapman²,

Smith³

1948

J. Clin. Invest.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…Carbon monoxide is impractical in most instances because of the risk to operators and the complexity of the equipment to administer it. Carbon dioxide has anesthetic properties and can be used for euthanasia (Carding, 1968;Leake and Waters, 1929); however, unless the chamber is well designed and used properly, dogs can become distressed before becoming unconscious. Hypoxia is not satisfactory for euthanatizing pups because young animals tolerate hypoxia better than older dogs and can survive for more than 30 minutes (Glass et al, 1944).…”

Section: Inhalation Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources (ILAR)

Wolfle¹

1994

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

DTIe QUALITY INSPECTED 8 7 28 050Foirn Approved REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE OMB No. 0704-0188Pubic r 'oOrlno burden tot In,% cc(. tcCt information is ettmat d to aretaCe I hourer reipor.e Includintg the time for reviewing instructions. searching existing data ources. gatherian and mantaining te caa neecei, and ccrnoletinq and reviewing the' "cliecCn Of intOma :Ol Sena COMMtet lie re*1r 6n thli burden estfrte f any other aset Of this Approved for public release; distribution unlimited ABSTRACT (Maximum 200 words)This grant provides partial core support for the Institute of Laboratory Animal Rqsources (ILAR), which is a component of the Commission on Life Sciences (CLS), one of the principal operating units of the National Academy of Sciences (Academy). The Academy operates as a private, non-profit institution charged with providing advice to agencies of the federal government on matters of science and technology. ILAR provides information on the selection, care, and use of biologicals and animals used in research, testing, and education. ILAR's best known report is the Guide for the Care and Use of Labora..orv Animals (Guide), of which the 6th revision was initiated during this grant year. Oversight for the work of ILAR is provided by ILAR Council, a standing committee of 13 scientists, veterinarians, and ethicists, which meets three times each year to review all aspects of ILAR's program and develop new initiatives. ILAR has two types of programs:core and special projects. This grant supports the core program, consisting of the meetings and activities of Council and those of staff in the publishing of ILAR News, in the activities of the Animal Models and Genetic Stocks Information Program, and International Activities. SUBJECT TERMS 1S. NUMBER OF PAGESlaboratory animal care and use, animal research, international 12 activities, collection and importation of biologic materials, 16 PRICE CODE biologic databases, ILAR News, animal models and genetic stocks. Where copyrighted material is quoted, permission has been obtained to use such material.Where material from documents designated for limited distribution is quoted, permission has been obtained to use the material.Citations of coImercial organizations and trade names in this report do not constitute an official Department of Army endorsement or approval of the products or services of these organizations.In conducting research using animals, the investigator(s) adhered to the "Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory For the protection of human subjects, the investigator(s) adhered to policies of applicable Federal Law 45 CFR 46.In conducting research utilizing recombinant DNA technology, the investigator(s) adhered to current guidelines promulgated by the National Institutes of Health.In the conduct of research utilizing recombinant DNA, the investigator(s) adhered to the NIB Guidelines for Research Involving Recombinant DNA Molecules.In the conduct of research involving hazardous organisms, the investigator(s) adhered to the CDC-NIH Guide for Biosafety in Microbi...

show abstract

“…He incorrectly attributed corn silo poisoning, which is caused by methane asphyxiation, to CO Soon after he arrived at Wisconsin, Dr. Waters performed animal experiments with the help of Dr. Chauncey Leake, the Chairman of the Pharmacology Department, who had gained academic prominence due to his war gas research [12] . These were similar to Hickman's experiments 100 years earlier, except that Waters and Leake employed mixtures of CO 2 and oxygen instead of pure carbon dioxide.…”

Section: The First Paper:" Carbon Dioxide: Its Place In Anesthesia"mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Waters otherwise preserved his correspondence for posterity. After citing his earlier report of CO 2 anesthesia in dogs as proof of the narcotic properties of CO 2 [12] , Dr. Waters casually mentioned his subsequent endeavor to anesthetize humans using CO 2 :…”

Section: Dr Waters' Commentary Was As Follows: "If This Man's Experimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…He died young, and some believe that he died of suicide. Modern anesthesia researchers, reviewers, and editors have persistently accepted Hickman's report as proof that CO 2 has anesthetic properties [10][11][12]HI even though it has always been obvious that his observations were caused by asphyxiation. This can best be understood in the context of anesthesia history.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Four Forgotten Giants of Anesthesia History

Coleman¹,

Internationals²

2016

JAS

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Introduction Does wisdom perhaps appear on the earth as a raven, which is inspired by the smell of carrion? --Friedrich NietzschePast is prologue. Carbon dioxide confusion has played a pivotal role in the evolution of modern anesthesia. Professional anesthesiology organizations have persistently neglected CO 2 management standards in favor of lesser issues [1][2][3][4] , so that the anesthesiology profession remains mired at the crossroads of revolutionary advance and ongoing self-destruction that can only be understood in historical context. Dr. Ralph Waters founded the profession on the basis of a practical new technique that introduced elective intubation and hyperventilation to abolish CO 2 toxicity disasters, but the harmful habit of hyperventilation has distorted anesthesia beliefs, habits, and practices; derailed research; halted professional advance; discouraged opioid treatment; abolished the therapeutic beneits of CO 2 ; exaggerated morbidity and mortality; and introduced a host of vexing clinical problems. It has indirectly fostered the iction that further improvements in anesthesia safety are impossible, which has undermined reimbursement, emasculated staf privileges, devastated morale, discouraged professional membership A , and rationalized the replacement of anesthesiologists by nurses.Meanwhile, the confusing chemistry, physiology, and pathology of carbon dioxide have yielded their secrets, modern anesthesia machines have eliminated the toxicity problem, modern agents have eliminated explosions, and modern monitoring AbstractThe anesthesiology profession may one day serve as a cautionary tale of how power, politics and privilege can perturb science and progress. Previous anesthesia practitioners possessed a superior understanding of physiology and pharmacology, but overenthusiastic CO 2 supplementation with inadequate monitors and machines caused asphyxiation disasters that were improperly attributed to CO 2 toxicity. Dr. Ralph Waters founded the anesthesiology profession on the basis of a practical new anesthetic technique that introduced elective intubation and hyperventilation to eliminate CO 2 toxicity, but mechanical hyperventilation dangerously depletes CO 2 tissue reserves and exaggerates morbidity and mortality. The beneits of CO 2 supplementation were forgotten, and consequent CO 2 confusion has derailed research, discouraged opioid treatment, damaged patient safety, and disrupted professional progress. Anesthesiologists can no longer claim to provide superior service, and hospital administrators are replacing them with nurses. Professional membership is in decline, and professional survival is in question. Modern machines have eliminated asphyxiation, and modern monitoring enables safe and beneicial hypercarbia that complements opioid treatment and minimizes surgical morbidity and mortality. CO 2 reform promises revolutionary advance but faces formidable opposition. [5] . The restoration of past principles using modern capnography, pulse oximetry, synthetic opioids, and improved inha...

show abstract

The Anesthetic Properties of Carbon Dioxid *

Cited by 30 publications

References 0 publications

Effects of Hypoxia and Hypercapnia on Perception of Thermal Cutaneous Pain

Effects of Hypoxia and Hypercapnia on Perception of Thermal Cutaneous Pain

Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources (ILAR)

Four Forgotten Giants of Anesthesia History

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About