The Anesthetic and Physiologic Effects of an Intravenous Administration of a Halothane Lipid Emulsion (5% vol/vol)

Musser, Jeffrey M.B.; Fontana, John L.; Mongan, Paul D.

doi:10.1097/00000539-199903000-00038

Cited by 23 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…dose was formulated by dispersing cineole (30 mg ml -1 ) in a 10% triglyceride emulsion (Intralipid 10% 500 ml, Baxter Healthcare Pty Ltd, Old Toongabbie, NSW, Australia). This method has been successfully used to administer other lipophilic substances intravenously (Knibbe et al 1999;Musser et al 1999). The cineole formulation was prepared aseptically by filtering the required volume of cineole (16.2 ml) directly into the sealed sterile triglyceride emulsion (500 ml) bottle using a 0.45 micron filter (Advantec MFS, Dublin, CA, USA), after first removing the equivalent volume of lipid emulsion.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Pharmacokinetics of 1,8-cineole, a dietary toxin, in the brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula): Significance for feeding

McLean¹,

Boyle²,

Brandon³

et al. 2007

Xenobiotica

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1,8-Cineole (cineole) is a Eucalyptus leaf toxin that defends against predation by herbivores such as the brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula). The aim of the current study was to characterize the pharmacokinetics of cineole in the possum to improve understanding about how possums can avoid cineole toxicity when eating a Eucalyptus diet. Nine male possums were trapped in the wild and acclimated to captivity; a subcutaneous port was then implanted for venous blood sampling. Cineole was administered intravenously (10 and 15 mg kg(-1)) via a lateral tail vein and orally (30, 100 and 300 mg kg(-1)) by gavage, and blood concentrations of cineole and its metabolites were determined by gas chromatography. Cineole had a large terminal volume of distribution (V(z) = 27 l kg(-1)) and a high clearance (43 ml min(-1) kg(-1)), equal to hepatic blood flow. The terminal half-life was approximately 7 h. Oral bioavailability was low (F = 0.05) after low doses, but increased tenfold with dose, probably due to saturable first-pass metabolism. These findings indicate that when possums feed on a cineole diet, they eat until the cineole consumed is sufficient to saturate pre-systemic metabolism, leading to a rapid rise in bioavailability and cineole blood levels, and a cessation of the feeding bout. This is the first report on the pharmacokinetics of a dietary toxin in a wild herbivore, and provides insights into the interactions between the blood concentration of a plant secondary metabolite and the browsing behaviour of a herbivore.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…administration of halothane (Musser et al 1999). For the same reason the bolus dose was administered slowly, as recommended by the manufacturer of Intralipid, since the vehicle alone can cause fever, thrombosis and other adverse effects (Intralipid product information, Baxter Healthcare Pty Ltd, NSW, Australia, 2001).…”

Section: Intravenous Dosing Kineticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pharmacokinetics of 1,8-cineole, a dietary toxin, in the brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula): Significance for feeding

McLean¹,

Boyle²,

Brandon³

et al. 2007

Xenobiotica

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“…101,102 Direct injection of neat anesthetic, however, has lead to severe complications, if not death, while emulsified anesthetics have shown no such toxicity. 103 A NE of propofol is commercially available and is widely used to induce anesthesia. 11,14 While a lipid-based NE has been shown to stably emulsify propofol, this use of traditional lipid and hydrocarbon surfactants fails to stably emulsify clinically useful concentrations of fluorinated, volatile anesthetics such as sevoflurane.…”

Section: Parenteral Drug Deliverymentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanoemulsions in Medicine

Tucker¹,

Mecozzi²

2014

Frontiers in Nanobiomedical Research

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Herein, the use of nanoemulsions (NEs) -described as metastable emulsions consisting of sub-500-nm sized droplets -in medicine is discussed. The ambiguity associated with defi ning NEs is elaborated upon, and the nature of NEs is contrasted with that of microemulsions (MEs). The various high-and low-energy methods, by which NE are prepared, are discussed, and stability issues are elaborated upon. Finally, specifi c examples concerning the use of NEs in medicine are given, including: drug delivery vehicles, mucosal vaccine vectors, topical antimicrobials and MRI/ ultrasonography contrast agents.

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“…Also called as high pressure emulsification, this method employs the principle of triturating force which emulsifies the two liquids passing through a narrow slit under high pressure. [26][27][28][29][30][31] Benzocaine, a local anesthetic, was identified as a potential molecule for its incorporation in lipospheres to improve its transportation through topical route and consequently the pharmacodynamic activity. Chemically, benzocaine is an ethyl ester of para-amino benzoic acid.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Formulation, Characterization, and Evaluation of Benzocaine Phospholipid-Tagged Lipospheres for Topical Application

Bhatia¹,

Singh²,

Rani³

et al. 2007

j biomed nanotechnol

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The objective of the present study is to incorporate and evaluate benzocaine in the lipid microstructured systems for its drug delivery and pharmacodynamic potential. Drug lipospheres were prepared to improve the local anesthetic performance using different combinations of lipids/oils (e.g., castor oil, arachis oil, and soyabean oil), with surfactant (lecithin) and cosurfactant (polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate). Following selection of suitable oil phase, surfactant, and cosurfactant, the composition of the lipospheres was optimized to obtain maximum drug loading and sustainability. The formulations were further evaluated for ex vivo drug permeation and retention behavior in mice skin. The optimum formulation with the highest skin permeation rate and retention consisted of benzocaine (0.1 g), soybean oil (25 g), lecithin (0.15 g), and Tween 80 (0.025 g) with aqueous: nonaqueous phase volume ratio as 5:1. The onset of anesthetic effect in rabbit cornea was found to be 6 min with lipospheres vis-à-vis 17 min and 13 min, observed with the classical emulsion system and plain drug solution, respectively. Analogously, the anesthetic effect lasted much longer for 53 min with lipospheres in comparison to 11 min and 18 min with classical emulsion and plain drug solution, respectively. Another study on human volunteers using pin-prick method also corroborated improved pharmacodynamic activity of lipospheres over classical conventional emulsion system. Accordingly, the in vivo results were quite in accordance with the ex vivo findings, as the lipospheres exhibited quicker onset of action and longer duration of anesthesia.

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The Anesthetic and Physiologic Effects of an Intravenous Administration of a Halothane Lipid Emulsion (5% vol/vol)

Cited by 23 publications

References 14 publications

Pharmacokinetics of 1,8-cineole, a dietary toxin, in the brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula): Significance for feeding

Pharmacokinetics of 1,8-cineole, a dietary toxin, in the brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula): Significance for feeding

Nanoemulsions in Medicine

Formulation, Characterization, and Evaluation of Benzocaine Phospholipid-Tagged Lipospheres for Topical Application

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