The android woman – a risky condition

Björntorp, Per

doi:10.1046/j.1365-2796.1996.364690000.x

Cited by 105 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…In women, abdominal obesity has been associated with hyperandrogenism, which has been suggested to have a triggering effect on the supposed main driving power of the metabolic syndrome: the insulin resistance. 9,10 This gender difference was also observed in another study, 18 but it concerned the association between BMI and sick leave.…”

Section: Discussion Of the Resultssupporting

confidence: 60%

“…Job title was classified using the International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO-88) 23 divided into three categories (ISCO 1, 2 ¼ Occupational class I (managers, professionals), ISCO 3, 4, 5 ¼ Occupational class II (technicians, clerks-service workers), ISCO 7,8,9 ¼ Occupational class III (craft and trade workersFmachine operators and elementary occupations)).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is increasingly recognised that general obesity measured by Body Mass Index (BMI) and abdominal obesity measured either by the waist-over-hip circumference ratio (WHR) or waist circumference are two separate clinical entities with different aetiologies and risks. 4,8 Contrary to general obesity, abdominal obesity is more associated with endocrine abnormalities 4,9,10 (hyperactivation of the hypothalamo-pituitaryadrenal axis (HPA), hypercortisolaemia, increased blood testosterone in women) as well as with metabolic, haemodynamic and thrombogenetic disorders (non-insulino-dependent diabetes, insulin resistance, hypercholesterolaemia, increased portal free fatty acid, hypertension, increased fibrinogen). Hence, it is not surprising that a measure of intra-abdominal fat is a stronger predictor of coronary heart disease, stroke, premature death and several cancers 8 than BMI.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Obesity, body fat distribution and incidence of sick leave in the Belgian workforce: the Belstress study

et al. 2004

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OBJECTIVES:In many studies, obesity has been associated with morbidity or mortality, but only a few have studied the relation between obesity and sick leave. Our aim is to analyse the independent effects of both adiposity and body fat distribution in relation to the 1-y incidence of sick leave in a large cohort of male and female workers covering a variety of occupations, taking into account a wide range of socio-demographic, behavioural and bioclinical variables. DESIGN AND SETTING: The baseline survey of the Belstress study was conducted in 25 companies across Belgium between 1994 and 1998. A cohort of 20 463 workers (15 557 males and 4906 females) aged 35-59 y was followed for absenteeism during 1 y. The 75th percentile of the distribution of the total annual sickness days was used as a cutoff to classify the workers with a high 1-y incidence rate of sick leave. The relation between sick leave and both obesity and body fat distribution assessed by the body mass index (BMI) and the waist circumference, respectively, was analysed by multivariate logistic regression models. RESULTS: Using a backward procedure based on the likelihood ratio, we found central abdominal fatness to be an independent predictor of sick leave in both genders (high sick-leave incidence and long spells), but not BMI. In men, the odds ratios was 1.31 (99% CI 1.12-1.52, Po0.0001) and in women it ranged from 1.32 (99% CI 1.03-1.70, P ¼ 0.005) to 1.47 (99% CI 1.14-1.90, Po0.0001). Two baseline covariables, respiratory problems and perceived health, are confounders or mediators. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, body fat distribution was associated with a high annual sick-leave incidence and long spells of sickness absence. If this link is reversible, employers may benefit from programs aiming at the prevention and treatment of central obesity.

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Section: Discussion Of the Resultssupporting

confidence: 60%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Obesity, body fat distribution and incidence of sick leave in the Belgian workforce: the Belstress study

et al. 2004

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“…It is well established that an android pattern of fat deposition is more strongly related to the multiple complications of the insulin resistance syndrome and as a risk factor for Type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease than total body fat (Kissebah & Krakower, 1994;Bjo Èrntorp, 1996). But in women, deposition of fat on the lower body appears to exert some protective effects.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary composition affects regional body fat distribution and levels of dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEAS) in post-menopausal women with Type 2 diabetes

O’Dea

Nicholson

1999

Eur J Clin Nutr

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Objective: To compare effects of a high carbohydrate (high-CHO) and a monounsaturated fat diet (high-MUFA) on body fat distribution and sex hormones in post-menopausal women with Type 2 diabetes. Design: Randomised cross-over with no washout. Setting: Geelong Hospital outpatient. Subjects: Thirty four women were recruited, 30 completed the study, and data are presented for 21 women compliant to the high-CHO diet.Interventions: Women followed a high-CHO diet (20% energy (%E) from fat, 60%E from carbohydrate and a high-MUFA diet (40%E from fat, half as monounsaturated fat, 40%E from carbohydrate) in random order for 12 weeks each. Main outcome measures: Dietary compliance was measured by change in linoleic acid (C18:2, o-6) in plasma cholesteryl esters. Body composition was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Fasting concentrations of glucose and insulin were measured in plasma. Steroid hormones and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) were measured in serum. Results: On the high-CHO diet C18:2, o-6 in plasma cholesteryl esters declined by 5.4% (95% con®dence intervals (CI), 7 2.5% to 7 8.4%, P 0.0015). Fat was lost mainly from the lower body (lower body loss 7 0.71 kg, 95% CI, 7 0.43 to 7 1.00 kg, P 0.001; upper body loss 7 0.15 kg, 95% CI, 7 0.76 to 0.46 kg, P 0.6). Yet on the high-MUFA diet, lower body fat loss was minimal ( 7 0.22 kg, 95%CI, 0.11 to 7 0.55 kg, P 0.2). By general linear modelling (GLM), differences in lower body fat loss were signi®cantly related to diet (P 0.04). After adjustment for age, dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEAS) concentrations after the high-CHO diet were related to levels of lower body fat (r 0.394, P 0.04). Conclusions: In women with Type 2 diabetes following a high-CHO diet for 12 weeks the disproportionate loss of lower body fat is related to a decline in DHEAS.

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“…According to Reaven (1988), this metabolic disorder is associated with a pathophysiological condition of insulin resistance and metabolic abnormalities seen in non-obese individuals with glucose F. L. Torres-Leal, M. D. Capitani, J. Tirapegui 380 tolerance. Also, some researchers have emphasized that this metabolic disorder is related to obesity (especially abdominal obesity or androgenic type), which increases the risk of various other cardiovascular risk factors (Lapidus, Bengtsson, Bjorntorp, 1994;Bjorntorp, 1996). Therefore, MS is characterized by five main pathologic conditions: obesity, hypertension, insulin resistance, glucose intolerance (reduced glucose tolerance or non-insulin dependent diabetes) and dyslipidemias.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of physical exercise and caloric restriction on the components of metabolic syndrome

Leal

Capitani

Tirapegui

2009

Braz. J. Pharm. Sci.

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Recent studies of the effects of physical exercise and caloric restriction have found several benefits on the metabolic and cardiovascular risk factors related to metabolic syndrome (MS). This review examines the current state of knowledge of the effects of physical exercise on the main pathologies associated with MS: obesity, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2), dyslipidemias and hypertension. Although there are only a few randomized and controlled studies that evaluated the prevention and treatment of MS, strong evidence from controlled studies indicates that lifestyle changes that include regular physical exercise and caloric restriction are effective in preventing and treating DM2 in overweight individuals with reduced glucose tolerance. Likewise, epidemiologic studies suggest that regular physical exercise prevents the development of DM2 and cardiovascular disease. Based on current recommendations, it is important to increase the level of physical exercise at a moderate intensity to achieve good cardiorespiratory and muscular conditions and to promote fat mass reduction, with consequent reductions of risk of developing metabolic syndrome.Uniterms: Physical activity. Metabolic syndrome. Insulin/resistance. Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Obesity. Nutrition.Recentes estudos, relativos aos efeitos do exercício físico e da restrição energética, têm relatado diversos benefícios sobre fatores metabólicos e de risco cardiovascular relacionados à síndrome metabólica (SM). Esta revisão aborda os aspectos mais recentes dos efeitos do exercício físico sobre as principais patologias associadas à SM: obesidade, resistência à insulina, diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2), dislipidemia e hipertensão. Embora estudos randomizados e controlados que avaliam a prevenção e o tratamento da SM sejam escassos, pesquisas controladas indicam fortes evidências de que mudanças no estilo de vida, incluindo a pratica de exercício físico regular e restrição energética, sejam eficazes na prevenção e tratamento de DM2 em indivíduos com sobrepeso e com tolerância à glicose diminuída. No mesmo sentido, estudos epidemiológicos sugerem que a prática regular de exercício físico previne DM2 e doenças cardiovasculares. Com base nas atuais recomendações, preconiza-se o aumento do volume total de exercício físico com intensidade moderada, na busca da boa condição cardiorrespiratória e muscular e da diminuição da massa gorda, com conseqüente aumento da proteção contra fatores associados ao desenvolvimento da síndrome metabólica.Unitermos: Exercício físico. Síndrome metabólica. Insulina/resistência. Diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Obesidade. Nutrição. INTRODUCTIONMetabolic syndrome (MS), also known as X syndrome or insulin resistance syndrome, has been considered as a risk factor in the development of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) and other complications (Eckel, Grundy, Zimmet, 2005;Maranhão, Maniero, 2007). This has led to a growing scientific interest in studying its component conditions. According to Reaven (1988), this meta...

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The android woman – a risky condition

Cited by 105 publications

References 21 publications

Obesity, body fat distribution and incidence of sick leave in the Belgian workforce: the Belstress study

Obesity, body fat distribution and incidence of sick leave in the Belgian workforce: the Belstress study

Dietary composition affects regional body fat distribution and levels of dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEAS) in post-menopausal women with Type 2 diabetes

The effect of physical exercise and caloric restriction on the components of metabolic syndrome

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