The ANC, MK, and ‘The Turn to Violence’ (1960–1962)

Landau, Paul S.

doi:10.1080/02582473.2012.660785

Cited by 18 publications

(28 citation statements)

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“…The South African Communist Party (SACP) had long been a close ally to the ANC, and indeed, it was declared illegal in 1950 even before the ANC was outlawed (Thomas, 2012). The SACP was also a co-founder of the MK in 1961 (see Landau, 2012). The other large political grouping was the Pan African Congress of Azania (PAC), which was a breakaway from the ANC because of its support for an exclusively Africanist political orientation.…”

Section: Protest In the Late-apartheid Periodmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global Diffusion of Protest

Porta¹,

Atak²,

Mendes³

et al. 2017

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Recent years have seen an explosion of protest movements around the world, and academic theories are racing to catch up with them. This series aims to further our understanding of the origins, dealings, decisions, and outcomes of social movements by fostering dialogue among many traditions of thought, across European nations and across continents. All theoretical perspectives are welcome. Books in the series typically combine theory with empirical research, dealing with various types of mobilization, from neighborhood groups to revolutions. We especially welcome work that synthesizes or compares different approaches to social movements, such as cultural and structural traditions, micro-and macro-social, economic and ideal, or qualitative and quantitative. Books in the series will be published in English. One goal is to encourage nonnative speakers to introduce their work to Anglophone audiences. Another is to maximize accessibility: all books will be available in open access within a year after printed publication.

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Section: Protest In the Late-apartheid Periodmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global Diffusion of Protest

Porta¹,

Atak²,

Mendes³

et al. 2017

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In response, a new generation of educated young men including Nelson Mandela, Oliver Tambo, Walter Sisulu, and Robert Sobukwe launched within the ANC an insurgent movement known as the Youth League which eventually took the mother umbrella ANC from its longstanding non-violent stance towards a more militant and confrontational approach. Eventually, the scale of apartheid policies and practices would radicalize the young activists and brought them to embark on a new path, namely, the turn to violence (Landau, 2012) which was championed by two rival rabble-rousers, Robert Sobukwe at the helm of the Pan African Congress (PAC), and Nelson Mandela in command of Umkonto we Sizwe (MK)-a group initially conceived of as "a new military organization, separate from the ANC" (Mandela, 2013, p. 274).…”

Section: The Roots and Routes Of The Anti-apartheid Struggle: A Briefmentioning

confidence: 99%

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“…Under Apartheid legislation, all people of colour in South Africa were required to carry passes if they were in white-designated areas (Davenport, 1991), and in 1960, the PAC organised a march to a police station in the township of Sharpeville to protest against this. The police responded by opening fire on the protestors, killing more than 60 people (Ross, 1999), and this led to both the ANC and PAC forming armed wings in 1961 (Landau, 2012). By the 1980s, a state of emergency was declared by the government, with the country essentially becoming a police state (van Kessel, 2000), where the SAP were given wide-ranging powers, and the rights of those arrested or in custody were increasingly eroded (Anderson, 1999(Anderson, /2000.…”

Section: South Africa and Gender-based Violencementioning

confidence: 99%