The Anatomy of the Tarsi of Schistocerca gregaria Forsk�l

Kendall, Marion D.

doi:10.1007/bf00364935

Cited by 99 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…For each of these substance classes, we calculated the 'production value' (PV), defined as the ratio of the end product mass and the mass of glucose required for carbon skeletons and energy [44]. As shown in [45]), corresponding to the combustion of 88 ng glucose s 21 . Thus, the cost of producing adhesive fluid at the measured rate corresponds to 0.97 per cent of the insect's resting metabolic rate.…”

Section: Appendix C Estimation Of Metabolic Costs Of Adhesive Fluid mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The arolium cuticle of stick insects and cockroaches consists of cuticular rods that are oriented perpendicular to the surface and branch into finer fibres towards the epicuticle [16,19]. As in other types of insect cuticle, the epicuticle consists of the outer cuticulin layer and an amorphous inner layer that is penetrated by pore canals [15,16,[19][20][21][22].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mechanisms of fluid production in smooth adhesive pads of insects

Dirks

Federle

2011

J. R. Soc. Interface.

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Insect adhesion is mediated by thin fluid films secreted into the contact zone. As the amount of fluid affects adhesive forces, a control of secretion appears probable. Here, we quantify for the first time the rate of fluid secretion in adhesive pads of cockroaches and stick insects. The volume of footprints deposited during consecutive press-downs decreased exponentially and approached a non-zero steady state, demonstrating the presence of a storage volume. We estimated its size and the influx rate into it from a simple compartmental model. Influx was independent of step frequency. Fluid-depleted pads recovered maximal footprint volumes within 15 min. Pads in stationary contact accumulated fluid along the perimeter of the contact zone. The initial fluid build-up slowed down, suggesting that flow is driven by negative Laplace pressure. Freely climbing stick insects left hardly any traceable footprints, suggesting that they save secretion by minimizing contact area or by recovering fluid during detachment. However, even the highest fluid production rates observed incur only small biosynthesis costs, representing less than 1 per cent of the resting metabolic rate. Our results show that fluid secretion in insect wet adhesive systems relies on simple physical principles, allowing for passive control of fluid volume within the contact zone.

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Section: Appendix C Estimation Of Metabolic Costs Of Adhesive Fluid mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanisms of fluid production in smooth adhesive pads of insects

Dirks

Federle

2011

J. R. Soc. Interface.

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“…¼ 0.15 mm; n ¼ 20) in diameter, which is about the same thickness as in T. viridissima (1.12 mm [21]), another tettigoniid species with a similar cuticular architecture of euplantulae [2,[19][20][21]. Thick principal and thin branching rods have also been described for the arolia of the caeliferan species Schistocerca gregaria [22], the phasmid C. morosus [23] and different cockroach species [24,25]. This pattern of the pad's internal architecture has been shown to strongly influence the attachment properties of smooth pads by increasing their adhesion, especially on rough substrates [2,20,23].…”

Section: (Iii) Inner Structurementioning

confidence: 95%

“…Such a slope was likewise found in the euplantulae of T. viridissima (458-708 [21]) and in the arolia of C. morosus ( [23]; 718 [26]). By contrast, the rods in the arolia of S. gregaria are arranged almost perpendicular to the surface [22]. The angle of the rods decreases under load, resulting in an increased contact area [26] and a higher frictional force, when the pad is moved proximadly [21].…”

Section: (Iii) Inner Structurementioning

confidence: 98%

Two functional types of attachment pads on a single foot in the Namibia bush cricketAcanthoproctus diadematus(Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae)

et al. 2015

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Insects have developed different structures to adhere to surfaces. Most common are smooth and hairy attachment pads, while nubby pads have also been described for representatives of Mantophasmatodea, Phasmida and Plecoptera. Here we report on the unusual combination of nubby and smooth tarsal attachment structures in the !nara cricket Acanthoproctus diadematus. Their three proximal tarsal pads (euplantulae) have a nubby surface, whereas the most distal euplantula is rather smooth with a hexagonal ground pattern resembling that described for the great green bush-cricket Tettigonia viridissima. This is, to our knowledge, the first report on nubby euplantulae in Orthoptera and the co-occurrence of nubby and smooth euplantulae on a single tarsus in a polyneopteran species. When adhering upside down to a horizontal glass plate, A. diadematus attaches its nubby euplantulae less often, compared to situations in which the animal is hanging upright or head down on a vertical plate. We discuss possible reasons for this kind of clinging behaviour, such as morphological constrains, the different role of normal and shear forces in attachment enhancement of the nubby and smooth pads, ease of the detachment process, and adaptations to walking on cylindrical substrates.

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“…Tree frogs, bees, and grasshoppers can do it without hairs by using the highly specialized material structure of their adhesive feet, which enables them to match perfectly the surface profile of the substrate. [17][18][19][20][21] The question is: Can we learn from these animals how to develop new materials able to reversibly stick to a variety of surfaces?…”

Section: Animals To Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sticky Feet: From Animals to Materials

Creton

Gorb

2007

MRS Bull.

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Many insects and some larger animals, such as geckos, skinks, and tree frogs, can easily climb vertical walls and even walk on the ceiling. These abilities require a method to attach the feet strongly but reversibly to a variety of surfaces—smooth or rough, hydrophilic or hydrophobic, clean or containing contaminants. This issue of MRS Bulletin examines how fibrils, absorbed water layers, geometry, and other factors make reversible adhesion possible, and how this understanding might be applied to robots and other artificially created structures that can climb walls, walk on ceilings, and get to other hard-to-reach places.

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The Anatomy of the Tarsi of Schistocerca gregaria Forsk�l

Cited by 99 publications

References 13 publications

Mechanisms of fluid production in smooth adhesive pads of insects

Mechanisms of fluid production in smooth adhesive pads of insects

Two functional types of attachment pads on a single foot in the Namibia bush cricketAcanthoproctus diadematus(Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae)

Sticky Feet: From Animals to Materials

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