The Anatomy of the Hippocampus

Chauhan, Mbbs Pradip; Jethwa, Mbbs Kinjal; Rathawa, Mbbs Ashish; Chauhan, Girish R; Mehra, Simmi

doi:10.36255/exonpublications.cerebralischemia.2021.hippocampus

Cited by 26 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…The subiculum has functional properties seemingly independent from the rest of the hippocampus, and has a substantial contribution to interregional communication and behavioral performance ( Matsumoto et al, 2019 ). Hippocampal fimbria, as a structural bridge between the hippocampus and other brain regions, is key to hippocampus preserving memory ( Chauhan et al, 2021 ). Hippocampal fissure, also called the hippocampal sulcus, is a kind of narrow furrow to separate the gyri of brain ( Humphrey, 1967 ); and its width may negatively related to the atrophy of the hippocampal subfields ( Li et al, 2018 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Baduanjin exercise modulates the hippocampal subregion structure in community-dwelling older adults with cognitive frailty

Wan

Xia

Lin

et al. 2022

Front. Aging Neurosci.

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BackgroundRegular Baduanjin exercise intervention was proven to be beneficial in improving the cognitive ability and physical performance of older adults with different health conditions but was unclear to influence the structural plasticity of the hippocampus. This study aimed to explore the modulation of hippocampal subregions as a mechanism by which Baduanjin exercise improves cognitive frailty in older adults.MethodsA total of 102 community-dwelling older adults with cognitive frailty were recruited and randomly allocated to the Baduanjin exercise training group and usual physical activity control group. The participants in the Baduanjin exercise training group participated in a 24-week Baduanjin exercise intervention program with an exercise frequency of 60 min per day, 3 days per week. Cognitive ability and physical frailty were assessed, and MRI scans were performed on all participants at baseline and after 24 weeks of intervention. The structural MRI data were processed with MRIConvert (version 2.0 Rev. 235) and FreeSurfer (version 6.0.0) software. Data analyses were performed using the independent sample t tests/Mann–Whitney U tests with the Bonferroni correction, mixed linear model, correlation, or mediation analysis by the SPSS 24.0 software (IBM Corp, Armonk, NY, United States).ResultsAfter 24 weeks of intervention, a statistically significant increase was found for the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) scores (p = 0.002) with a large effect size (Cohen’s d = 0.94) and the significant interaction effect (Pgoup × time < 0.05), Memory Quotient (MQ) scores (p = 0.019) with a medium effect size (Cohen’s d = 0.688) and the significant interaction effect (Pgoup × time < 0.05), and other parameters of WMS-RC test including pictures (p = 0.042), recognition (p = 0.017), and association (p = 0.045) test with a medium effect size (Cohens’ d = 0.592, 0.703, and 0.581) for the Baduanjin training group, while significant decrease for the Edmonton Frailty Scale (EFS) score (p = 0.022), with a medium effect size (Cohen’s d = −0.659) and the significant interaction effect (Pgoup × time < 0.05) for the Baduanjin training group. The differences in the left parasubiculum, Hippocampal Amygdala Transition Area (HATA), right Cornu Ammonis Subfield 1 (CA1) and presubiculum volumes from baseline to 24 weeks after intervention in the Baduanjin training group were significantly greater than those in the control group (p < 0.05/12). Further analysis showed that the changes in right CA1 volume were positively correlated with the changes in MoCA and MQ scores (r = 0.510, p = 0.015; r = 0.484, p = 0.022;), the changes in right presubiculum and left parasubiculum volumes were positively correlated with the changes in MQ (r = 0.435, p = 0.043) and picture test scores (r = 0.509, p = 0.016), respectively, and the changes in left parasubiculum and HATA volumes were negatively correlated with the changes in EFS scores (r = −0.534, p = 0.011; r = −0.575, p = 0.005) in the Baduanjin training group, even after adjusting for age, sex, years of education and marital status; furthermore, the volume changes in left parasubiculum and left HATA significantly mediated the Baduanjin exercise training-induced decrease in the EFS scores (β = 0.376, 95% CI 0.024 ~ 0.947; β = 0.484, 95% CI 0.091 ~ 0.995); the changes of left parasubiculum and right CA1 significantly mediated the Baduanjin exercise training-induced increase in the picture and MO scores (β = −0.83, 95% CI-1.95 ~ −0.002; β = −2.44, 95% CI-5.99 ~ −0.32).ConclusionA 24-week Baduanjin exercise intervention effectively improved cognitive ability and reduced physical frailty in community-dwelling older adults with cognitive frailty, and the mechanism might be associated with modulating the structural plasticity of the hippocampal subregion.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Baduanjin exercise modulates the hippocampal subregion structure in community-dwelling older adults with cognitive frailty

Wan

Xia

Lin

et al. 2022

Front. Aging Neurosci.

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“…The cingulate cortex lies underneath the frontal cortex, in the medial portion of the cerebral hemisphere and is comprised of Brodmann Areas (BA) 23–26 and 29–31 ( Stanislav et al, 2013 ). It mediates the pathway from the thalamus to the hippocampus ( Chauhan et al, 2021 ) and is implicated in emotional processing and regulation, with specific areas (anterior and posterior cingulate cortices) assumed to have differentiated functions. The ACC ( Figure 1B ) sits at the front of the cingulate cortex, wrapping around the head of the corpus callosum ( Monosov et al, 2020 ).…”

Section: Structure and Function Of Neural Regions That May Be Connect...mentioning

confidence: 99%

The neurobiology of misophonia and implications for novel, neuroscience-driven interventions

et al. 2022

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Decreased tolerance in response to specific every-day sounds (misophonia) is a serious, debilitating disorder that is gaining rapid recognition within the mental health community. Emerging research findings suggest that misophonia may have a unique neural signature. Specifically, when examining responses to misophonic trigger sounds, differences emerge at a physiological and neural level from potentially overlapping psychopathologies. While these findings are preliminary and in need of replication, they support the hypothesis that misophonia is a unique disorder. In this theoretical paper, we begin by reviewing the candidate networks that may be at play in this complex disorder (e.g., regulatory, sensory, and auditory). We then summarize current neuroimaging findings in misophonia and present areas of overlap and divergence from other mental health disorders that are hypothesized to co-occur with misophonia (e.g., obsessive compulsive disorder). Future studies needed to further our understanding of the neuroscience of misophonia will also be discussed. Next, we introduce the potential of neurostimulation as a tool to treat neural dysfunction in misophonia. We describe how neurostimulation research has led to novel interventions in psychiatric disorders, targeting regions that may also be relevant to misophonia. The paper is concluded by presenting several options for how neurostimulation interventions for misophonia could be crafted.

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“…In addition, there is a SGZ between the granule cell layer and the polymorphic layer. The SGZ maintains neural stem cells and neurogenesis into adulthood; these play a major role in cognitive function [ 22 , 23 , 24 ]. Our recent study showed that long-term HMF exposure significantly impairs adult hippocampal neurogenesis and cognition through decreasing endogenous ROS levels in adult neural stem cells in the SGZ of mice [ 25 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hypomagnetic Field Induces the Production of Reactive Oxygen Species and Cognitive Deficits in Mice Hippocampus

Tian

Luo

Zhan

et al. 2022

IJMS

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Previous studies have found that hypomagnetic field (HMF) exposure impairs cognition behaviors in animals; however, the underlying neural mechanisms of cognitive dysfunction are unclear. The hippocampus plays important roles in magnetoreception, memory, and spatial navigation in mammals. Therefore, the hippocampus may be the key region in the brain to reveal its neural mechanisms. We recently reported that long-term HMF exposure impairs adult hippocampal neurogenesis and cognition through reducing endogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in adult neural stem cells that are confined in the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the hippocampus. In addition to adult neural stem cells, the redox state of other cells in the hippocampus is also an important factor affecting the functions of the hippocampus. However, it is unclear whether and how long-term HMF exposure affects ROS levels in the entire hippocampus (i.e., the dentate gyrus (DG) and ammonia horn (CA) regions). Here, we demonstrate that male C57BL/6J mice exposed to 8-week HMF exhibit cognitive impairments. We then found that the ROS levels of the hippocampus were significantly higher in these HMF-exposed mice than in the geomagnetic field (GMF) group. PCR array analysis revealed that the elevated ROS levels were due to HMF-regulating genes that maintain the redox balance in vivo, such as Nox4, Gpx3. Since high levels of ROS may cause hippocampal oxidative stress, we suggest that this is another reason why HMF exposure induces cognitive impairment, besides the hippocampal neurogenesis impairments. Our study further demonstrates that GMF plays an important role in maintaining hippocampal function by regulating the appropriate endogenous ROS levels.

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The Anatomy of the Hippocampus

Cited by 26 publications

References 26 publications

Baduanjin exercise modulates the hippocampal subregion structure in community-dwelling older adults with cognitive frailty

Baduanjin exercise modulates the hippocampal subregion structure in community-dwelling older adults with cognitive frailty

The neurobiology of misophonia and implications for novel, neuroscience-driven interventions

Hypomagnetic Field Induces the Production of Reactive Oxygen Species and Cognitive Deficits in Mice Hippocampus

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