The anatomy of the arteries and veins of the breast

Cunningham, Lew

doi:10.1002/jso.2930090112

Cited by 65 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Breast vascularity may be affected by age, menstrual cycle, and vasoactive medications. 6 Studies of resistive index calculations across age groups have shown that premenopausal women generally have lower resistive indices than postmenopausal women, but with variability in resistive index calculations within the same breast as well as overlap between the 2 age groups. 7 On MRI, breast tissue and vascularity is often evident on both fat-sensitive (T1w) and fluid-sensitive (T2w) sequences.…”

Section: Normal Breast Vascular Anatomymentioning

confidence: 99%

Breast Anatomy for the Interventionalist

Jesinger

2014

Techniques in Vascular and Interventional Radiology

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Normal breast anatomy can be seen on a variety of imaging modalities. Knowledge of normal breast anatomy on imaging examinations is important for an interventionalist, primarily to avoid mistaking normal anatomy for a pathologic disorder, so as not to harm a patient with an unnecessary intervention. Knowledge of breast anatomy is also critical in planning safe breast interventions and unwanted procedural complications. The key anatomical structures in the breast include skin, fat, fascial layers, Cooper ligaments, fibroglandular tissue, lymphatics, and neurovascular structures, all positioned over the chest wall. In men, the breast parenchyma is usually only composed of fat, with absence of fibroglandular tissue. In women, fibroglandular tissue volumes vary with age, with many women having a predominance of fat within the breasts after menopause.Embryologically, the breast develops under genetic and hormonal influence from skin precursor cells during the fourth through twelfth weeks of gestation, and the resulting breast bud continues to lengthen and branch throughout the remainder of gestation, forming a complex network of radially arranged breast ducts that connect the nipple with the mammary lobules. The key arterial blood supply to the breast arises from the internal thoracic artery, but additional arterial blood supply is seen from intercostal and lateral thoracic arteries. The venous anatomy and lymphatic drainage of the breast generally parallels the arterial anatomy, with presence of variation in communicating channels between deep and superficial venous and lymphatic channels. Tools that assess breast vascular structures (eg, contrast-enhanced breast magnetic resonance imaging) and lymphatic structures (nuclear medicine Iymphoscintigraphy) are routinely used to assess extent of breast disease and help guide breast interventions. Tech Vasc Interventional Rad 17:3-9 Published by Elsevier Inc.

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Section: Normal Breast Vascular Anatomymentioning

confidence: 99%

Breast Anatomy for the Interventionalist

Jesinger

2014

Techniques in Vascular and Interventional Radiology

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“…8 Additional studies on breast vasculature are included. 7,[10][11][12]15,16 These studies are interesting and include results commonly found today, along with multiple discrepancies, including currently unrecognized vessels.…”

Section: Venous Drainage Of the Breastmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…10 Salmon has observed the lateral mammary artery to arise from the external mammary artery, lateral thoracic artery, or directly from the axillary artery. 7 Occasionally, it is referred to as the lateral thoracic artery, which is thought to be incorrect as the lateral thoracic artery supplies the lateral upper chest wall.…”

Section: Lateral Mammary Arterymentioning

confidence: 98%

Surgical Anatomy of the Breast

El‐Tamer¹,

Mitchell²

2012

Principles and Techniques in Oncoplastic Breast Cancer Surgery

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Topology of the Breast: An OverviewThe breasts are the most superficial aspect of the anterior chest wall. The skin immediately over the breast tissue is characterized with a nipple areola complex (NAC), centrally located in young adults. The borders of the breast are the second intercostal space superiorly, the midaxillary line laterally, the inframammary line inferiorly, and the sternum medially. The breast overlies the pectoralis major muscle and part of the serratus anterior, external oblique, and rectus abdominus. The NAC is generally located in the fourth and fifth intercostal spaces in males and prepubescent children.Many studies have reported that women's breasts are more frequently asymmetric. 1,2 In a recent study, Avsar et al. measured anthropometric breast values in 386 female students and reported symmetric breast volume in only 35% of subjects. 3 Multiple studies have been done over the years on all aspects of breast anatomy, including arterial supply, venous drainage, and lymphatic patterns. Discrepancies have existed in the published literature in aspects such as lymphatic mapping, dominant arterial supplies, and general vascular patterns. Information presented in the following paragraphs represents the most current research and findings. Along with the currently supported theories, we have also listed papers of historical precedence which are of interest and relevance to all surgeons.

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“…These vessels provide a route for metastatic emboli to the vertebral bodies, ribs, and central nervous system [15,16]. These venous communications are of particular significance in the breast, where the posterior intercostals arteries are in direct continuity with the vertebral plexus [17].Venous channels between this plexus and veins associated with thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic organs are present. These veins do not have valves, enabling flow in either direction.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%