The Anatomy and Biomechanics of Acute and Chronic Whiplash Injury

Siegmund, Gunter P.; Winkelstein, Beth A.; Ivancic, Paul C.; Svensson, Mats Y.; Vasavada, Anita N.

doi:10.1080/15389580802593269

Cited by 104 publications

(67 citation statements)

References 121 publications

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“…1 Degenerated muscle (for example, fatty infiltrates) has been observed, but the mechanisms are unclear. 2 Advanced imaging (for example, magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI)) may assist in determining the mechanisms.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spinal cord metabolism and muscle water diffusion in whiplash

et al. 2011

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Study design: Case series. Objectives: To quantify spinal cord metabolites and neck muscle fast and slow water diffusion in a small sample of patients with chronic whiplash and healthy controls. Setting: Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. Methods: In five subjects with chronic whiplash and seven controls, we performed magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) of the cervical spinal cord and diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) of the cervical multifidus muscle. Results: Significant reductions in N-acetylaspartate/creatine ratios were found in subjects with chronic whiplash when compared with healthy controls (P ¼ 0.02). Significantly higher fast apparent diffusion coefficients (ADCs) were found in chronic whiplash when compared with the healthy controls (P ¼ 0.01). There was no difference in slow ADCs between the two groups (P ¼ 0.3). Conclusion: The potential value of MRS and DWI to quantify the presence of neuromuscular degeneration as a potential mechanism underlying chronic whiplash is recognized. Larger-scaled prospective studies are warranted and required.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spinal cord metabolism and muscle water diffusion in whiplash

et al. 2011

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“…Muscles such as the upper trapezius are often painful and tender in chronic WAD (Siegmund et al, 2009). Electromyography (EMG) studies of the upper trapezius have shown its lesser ability to relax and either decreased or increased activity during functional tasks (Nederhand et al, 2000, Nederhand et al, 2002, Falla et al, 2004, Elert et al, 2001.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanical properties of the trapezius during scapular elevation in people with chronic whiplash associated disorders – A case-control ultrasound speckle tracking analysis

et al. 2016

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Please cite this article as: Ludvigsson ML, Peterson G, Jull G, Trygg J, Peolsson A, Mechanical properties of the trapezius during scapular elevation in people with chronic whiplash associated disorders-a case-control ultrasound speckle tracking analysis, Manual Therapy (2015Therapy ( ), doi: 10.1016Therapy ( / j.math.2015 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.

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“…The injury causes strains on the bones, facet joints and soft tissue structures in the neck and may lead to the variety of symptoms reported. The cervical facet joints and capsule have been proposed to cause pain due to pinching of the synovial fold and/or strain of the capsule (12). Increased segmental C3-C4 and C5-C6 motion was also reported in women with chronic WAD (13).…”

Section: Biomechanics Of the Cervical Spine In Whiplashassociated Dismentioning

confidence: 84%

“…In neck pain, the ability to maintain an upright posture was reduced and the individuals showed a more forward head posture (103). The facet joints and capsule are sources of pain after whiplash injury (12,14) and activities with flexed neck position or forward head posture may maintains the pain in WAD. The pain intensity measured immediately after the neck muscle endurance test was decreased in the two neck specific exercise groups.…”

Section: Discussion Of the Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Increased segmental C3-C4 and C5-C6 motion was also reported in women with chronic WAD (13). Strains above physiological levels in the ligaments and increased joint laxity have been observed in simulated frontal and rear impact (12), also including disc injuries (14). The ligaments, facet joints and vertebrae do not actively stabilize the spine (15), but give neurological feedback signals that activate muscles, important for joint positioning.…”

Section: Biomechanics Of the Cervical Spine In Whiplashassociated Dismentioning

confidence: 95%

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Neck muscle function in individuals with persistent pain and disability after whiplash injury

Peterson¹

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Background: Neck pain and disability are common after whiplash injury. One year after the accident up to 50 % still have symptoms called whiplash associated disorders (WAD). Despite decades of research the cause of persistent pain and disability are largely unknown and effective treatment and diagnostic tools are lacking. Altered neck muscle function may cause pain and disability, and real-time non-invasive methods that investigate both superficial and deep neck muscle function need to be evaluated. Aim: The general aim of the work presented in this thesis was to investigate mechanical neck muscle function and evaluate effects of three different exercise interventions related to neck muscle function in individuals with persistent pain and disability after whiplash injury. Method: The thesis comprised two studies, reported in four papers. Study A was a prospective randomized controlled trail with 216 participants. The effects of three exercise interventions; neck-specific exercises, neck-specific exercises with behavioral approach and prescription of physical activity were evaluated. Neck muscle endurance, perceived pain following testing, kinesiophobia and satisfaction with treatment were compared between the three groups (paper I). Study B was an experimental case-control study with participants consecutively recruited from the randomized controlled trial. Deformation and deformation rates in the neck muscles were investigated with real-time ultrasound imaging during ten repetitive arm elevations (paper II-IV). To investigate ventral neck muscles, 26 individuals with WAD were compared with 26 healthy controls (paper II). The dorsal neck muscles were investigated in paper III, including 40 individuals with WAD and 40 controls. In total 46 individuals, 23 with WAD and 23 healthy controls were included in paper IV to develop ventral neck muscle interaction models. Results: Paper I: Participants in the two neck-specific exercise groups (with and without behavioral approach) showed increased dorsal neck muscle endurance (p = 0.003), decreased pain intensity following testing (p = 0.04) and were more satisfied with treatment (p < 0.001) than participants in the prescribed physical activity group. Kinesiophobia did not significantly differ between groups (p > 0.12). Paper II: Deformation and deformation rate showed linear positive relationship between ventral muscle pairs in healthy controls, especially between superficial and deep neck muscles. This relationship was weaker or absent in the WAD group. Paper III: The WAD group had higher deformation rates in the deepest dorsal neck muscles during the first and tenth (only women) arm elevations compared to the control group (p < 0.04). Women in the WAD group showed a weaker linear relationship between the two deepest dorsal neck muscles compared to women in the control group. Paper IV: The results revealed two different ventral neck muscle models in individuals with WAD and healthy controls (R2Y = 0.72, Q2Y = 0.59). The models were capable to detect different ne...

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The Anatomy and Biomechanics of Acute and Chronic Whiplash Injury

Cited by 104 publications

References 121 publications

Spinal cord metabolism and muscle water diffusion in whiplash

Spinal cord metabolism and muscle water diffusion in whiplash

Mechanical properties of the trapezius during scapular elevation in people with chronic whiplash associated disorders – A case-control ultrasound speckle tracking analysis

Neck muscle function in individuals with persistent pain and disability after whiplash injury

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