The anatomical perspective of human occipital condyle in relation to the hypoglossal canal, condylar canal, and jugular foramen and its surgical significance

Verma, Ranjana; Kumar, Sumit; Mahajan, Aarti; Mansoor, Iqra; Mehra, Reeti

doi:10.4103/0974-8237.193258

Cited by 14 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 22 publications

(38 reference statements)

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“…18 The PCV arises from the VAVP, runs into the posterior condylar canal (PCC) and connects the VAVP with the sigmoid sinus just proximal to the JB. 12,[19][20][21][22]…”

Section: Communicating Veinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dural arteriovenous fistula of the lateral foramen magnum region: A review

et al. 2018

Interv Neuroradiol

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The lateral foramen magnum region is defined as the bilateral occipital area that runs laterally up to the jugular foramen. The critical vasculatures of this region are not completely understood. Dural arteriovenous fistulas that occur in this region are rare and difficult to treat. Therefore, we searched PubMed to identify all relevant previously published English language articles about lateral foramen magnum dural arteriovenous fistulas, and we performed a review of this literature to increase understanding about these fistulas. Four types of dural arteriovenous fistulas occur in the lateral foramen magnum region. These include anterior condylar confluence and anterior condylar vein dural arteriovenous fistulas, posterior condylar canal dural arteriovenous fistulas, marginal sinus dural arteriovenous fistulas, and jugular foramen dural arteriovenous fistulas. These dural arteriovenous fistulas share similar angioarchitectures and clinical characteristics. The clinical presentations of lateral foramen magnum dural arteriovenous fistulas include pulsatile tinnitus, intracranial hemorrhage, myelopathy, orbital symptoms, and cranial nerve palsy. Currently, head computed tomography, computed tomography angiography, magnetic resonance imaging, magnetic resonance angiography and digital subtraction angiography (DSA) are useful for diagnosing dural arteriovenous fistulas, and of these, DSA remains the “gold standard.” Most lateral foramen magnum dural arteriovenous fistulas need to be treated due to their aggressive symptoms, and transvenous embolization presents the best options. During treatment, it is critical to accurately place the microcatheter into the fistula point, and intraoperative integrated computed tomography and DSA data are very helpful. Other treatments, such as transarterial embolization, microsurgery or conservative treatment, can also be chosen. After appropriate treatment, most patients with lateral foramen magnum dural arteriovenous fistulas achieve satisfactory outcomes.

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“…18 The PCV arises from the VAVP, runs into the posterior condylar canal (PCC) and connects the VAVP with the sigmoid sinus just proximal to the JB. 12,[19][20][21][22]…”

Section: Communicating Veinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dural arteriovenous fistula of the lateral foramen magnum region: A review

et al. 2018

Interv Neuroradiol

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“…The morphology of OC is unique as it shares in formation of the craniovertebral joint permitting flexion and extension of the skull [4][5]. Just above and inside this OC, HC is found.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Morphometric Study of Human Adult Occipital Condyle, Hypoglossal Canal and Foramen Magnum in Dry Skull of Modern Egyptians

Farid¹

2018

IJCDA

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The present study investigated analyze some morphometric data about occipital condyles (OCs), hypoglossal canals (HCs) and foramen magnum (FM) for safety transcondylar surgical approach, and to compare the Egyptian skull measurements with that of the other races. A total of 75 dry skulls of unknown sex which were randomly chosen from the archives were used with exclusion of the extremely deformed or damaged. The parameters were measured by digital Vernier calipers with 0.01 mm precision and a protractor. Statistical analysis of data -one way analysis of variance-was done using unpaired Student's t-test. Results indicated no statistical significant differences between the right and left sides of measured parameters. The morphometric analysis of the OC established that mean width & length was larger (14.8 & 22.9 mm) in Egyptian population when compared to other races. According to the parameters of the HCs, the mean length of right and left ones were 11.84 mm and 11.8 mm respectively, while their mean angles with the sagittal plane were found to be 31.8° and 31.6° respectively. The mean diameter of the intracranial end of the right HC was 6.24 mm and of the left one was 6.04 mm, on the other hand, the mean diameters of the extracranial ends were 6.18 mm and 6.04 mm respectively. Regarding the parameters of FM, the mean length and width were 35 mm and 29.4 mm respectively. On the other hand, the mean distance of right mastoid process to the nearest point of FM was 34.72 mm, while the left one located at a mean distance of 35.2 mm from FM. 40% of skulls studied exhibited an ovoid foramen magnum as the foramen magnum index was > 1.2 but 60% of our samples were ˂ 1.2 which were asymmetrical in shape. We conclude that careful radiological analysis of the craniocervical junction is required before surgery to prevent inadvertent complications such as hemorrhage, atlantooccipital instability and injury to major structures passing through foramen magnum. Our outcomes will be useful for safe surgery in craniocervical region in Egypt.

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“…Notably, these values were even higher than the mean anteroposterior and transverse diameters as observed by Vinutha et al (2018) The difference in morphometric measurements of different studies could contribute to the different angulations of the occipital condyles relative to the sagittal plane. The larger the sagittal intercondylar angles, the more considerable intercondylar distances were noted (Verma et al, 2016). Moreover, the difference could also be associated with the varying prevalence of Occipital condyle overriding into the foramen magnum.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anatomical and Radiological study of the posterior cranial base in relationship to occipital condyles and Foramen magnum

Aristotle¹,

Ramraj²,

Patil

et al. 2020

ijrps

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Detailed morphometric analysis is required for various surgical approaches in the craniovertebraljunction. High mortality and morbidity are anticipated for the surgical procedures when undertaken without in-depth anatomical knowledge. With so much clinical importance in this area, our study will present a thorough understanding in terms of skull and CT values. The main aim of this study is to give the morphometric details of occipital condyles and foramen magnum in cadaveric skulls and CT scans. Seventy dried human skulls and 70 CT images on the three-dimensional volume-rendered reconstruction of the skull base was used for this study. The length and width of the occipital condyle of right and the left side was 22.21 ±5.20 mm; 22.05±4.83 mm; 12.57 ± 2.50 and 12.68 ± 2.92mm respectively in cadaver skull. The length and width of occipital condyles in CT scans for right and left side was 21.61 ± 3.09 mm; 21.58 ± 3.50 mm; 13.04 ± 1.58 mm and 13.13 ± 2.54 mm respectively. The Anteroposterior and transverse diameters of the foramen magnum in cadaveric skulls and CT images was 33.17 ± 7.23; 29.22 ± 6.17; 34.15 ± 2.88 and 28.14 ± 2.43 mm respectively. Each surgical approach and the radiological diagnostic procedures have their limitations. Moreover, analysis of cranial base dimensions of occipital condyles and foramen magnum can be considered as a reliable method for sex determination. Hence this study will a useful guide for surgeons, radiologists, anthropologists and forensic experts.

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The anatomical perspective of human occipital condyle in relation to the hypoglossal canal, condylar canal, and jugular foramen and its surgical significance

Cited by 14 publications

References 22 publications

Dural arteriovenous fistula of the lateral foramen magnum region: A review

Dural arteriovenous fistula of the lateral foramen magnum region: A review

Morphometric Study of Human Adult Occipital Condyle, Hypoglossal Canal and Foramen Magnum in Dry Skull of Modern Egyptians

Anatomical and Radiological study of the posterior cranial base in relationship to occipital condyles and Foramen magnum

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