The anatomical distribution of sunlight

Diffey, B. L.; Kerwin, M.; Davis, A.

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.1977.tb14249.x

Cited by 77 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…For the shoulder, these range from 0.18 to 0.45, compared to ranges of 0.68 to 0.80 (Diffey et al, 1977), 0.89 to 0.99 (Gies et al, 1988) and 0.66 to 0.70 (Holman et al, 1983) for exposures in full sun. Similarly, for the chest, the range is 0.14 to 0.32, compared to 0.58 to 0.73 (Diffey et al, 1977), 0.42 to 0.58 (Gies et al, 1988) and 0.44 to 0.46 (Holman et al, 1983). The ratios for the human body sites in the shade of the tree are lower than those without the protection of the shade.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Manikin and head form studies have been previously employed to measure the erythemal exposure to various anatomical body sites on the face (Wong et al, 1992;Diffey et al, 1977;Gies et al, 1988;Holman et al, 1983). Airey et al, (1995) found that various human activities may be simulated for erythemal exposure measurements by tilting the headform to various angles.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Penetration of Solar Erythemal Uv Radiation in the Shade of Two Common Australian Trees

Parisi¹,

Willey²,

Kimlin³

et al. 1999

Health Physics

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The penetration of solar erythemal ultraviolet (UV) radiation has been measured in the shade of a gum (Eucalyptus sp.) and a she oak (Casaurina) tree, both on a horizontal plane and with polysulphone dosimeters to human anatomical sites. This has provided new data useful for protection strategies against harmful UV radiation.For larger solar zenith angles, the relative penetration of solar erythemal UV in the shade of the trees is higher. On a horizontal plane, at noon, in winter, the shade erythemal UV ranged from 44 to 55% of that in the sun whereas in spring it ranged from 29 to 37% of the irradiances in the sun. Similarly, at 9:00 EST and 15:00 EST, the shade erythemal UV in winter ranged from 51 to 81% of the irradiances in the sun whereas in spring and summer they ranged from 35 to 51% of the unshaded irradiances. The shade ratios for specific body sites provided by the shade of the two trees was 0.05 to 0.45 for the solar zenith angles in this research. The shade ratios ranged from 0.14 to 0.45 for the gum tree and from 0.05 to 0.28 for the she oak. The denser foliage of the she oak provided the higher UV protection compared to that of the gum tree.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Penetration of Solar Erythemal Uv Radiation in the Shade of Two Common Australian Trees

Parisi¹,

Willey²,

Kimlin³

et al. 1999

Health Physics

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“…Sun exposure recordings on a whole-body manikin in Canterbury for 1 h either side of solar noon showed that the hands and upper arms received higher doses than some parts of the face. 81 The rarity of BCC on the hands and forearms, therefore, appeared not to be due simply to lack of exposure of these sites.…”

Section: Anatomic Site Distributionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Sun exposure and non-melanocytic skin cancer

Kricker

Armstrong

English

1994

Cancer Causes Control

284

194

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Non-melanocytic skin cancer has long been regarded as one of the harmful effects of solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation on human health. In this review, we examine epidemiologic evidence linking sun exposure and skin cancer coming from both descriptive studies in populations and analytical studies involving estimates of exposure in individuals. Particular attention is given to the quality of the published data. The epidemiologic evidence that sun exposure causes skin cancer is mainly indirect. Incidence or mortality is inversely related to latitude in populations of mainly European origin (e.g., the United States, Australia), and is higher in people born in Australia (high ambient solar radiation) than in migrants to Australia from the United Kingdom (lower ambient radiation). Skin cancer occurs mainly at sun-exposed body sites and in people who are sensitive to the sun; a reduced capacity to repair UV-induced DNA damage appears to increase the risk. The direct evidence linking sun exposure and skin cancer is weaker with few well-conducted studies of sun exposure in individuals. Mostly, studies of total sun exposure have not found statistically significant positive associations; those that did, had not adjusted for potential confounding by age and gender and thus their interpretation is limited. Studies of occupational sun exposure had relative risks not greater than 2.0; recreational exposure has been little studied. Other measurements, less direct but potentially less prone to measurement error, are sunburn (not evidently associated with skin cancer risk) and indicators of benign cutaneous sun-damage (strongly associated but lacking empirical evidence that sun exposure is their main cause). Many questions remain about the relationship between sun exposure and skin cancer.

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“…Exposure ratios for predominantly upright postures have been measured (for example, [6,9,10]). Annual solar UV exposures have been calculated using these exposure ratios.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%