The Anatomical Components of Urinary Continence

Wallner, Christian; Dabhoiwala, N.F.; DeRuiter, Marco C.; Lamers, Wouter H.

doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2008.08.032

Cited by 104 publications

(85 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…The urethral sphincter relies on mechanical integrity of striated and smooth muscle cells (SMCs) for effective urethral closure and continence [6]. The internal urethral sphincter, consisting of primarily SMCs, is a significant contributor to overall continence.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Smooth Muscle Precursor Cells Derived from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells for Treatment of Stress Urinary Incontinence

Wang

Wen

et al. 2016

Stem Cells and Development

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There is great interest in using stem cells (SC) to regenerate a deficient urethral sphincter in patients with urinary incontinence. The smooth muscle component of the sphincter is a significant contributor to sphincter function. However, current translational efforts for sphincter muscle restoration focus only on skeletal muscle regeneration because they rely on adult mesenchymal SC as cell source. These adult SC do not yield sufficient smooth muscle cells (SMCs) for transplantation. We may be able to overcome this limitation by using pluripotent stem cell (PSC) to derive SMCs. Hence, we sought to investigate whether smooth muscle precursor cells (pSMCs) derived from human PSCs can restore urethral function in an animal model generated by surgical urethrolysis and ovariectomy. Rats were divided into four groups: control (no intervention), sham saline (surgery + saline injection), bladder SMC (surgery + human bladder SMC injection), and treatment (surgery + pSMC injection, which includes human embryonic stem cell (hESC) H9-derived pSMC, episomal reprogrammed induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)-derived pSMC, or viral reprogrammed iPSC-derived pSMC). pSMCs (2 · 10 6 cells/rat) were injected periurethrally 3 weeks postsurgery. Leak point pressure (LPP) and baseline external urethral sphincter electromyography were measured 5 weeks postinjection. Both iPSC-derived pSMC treatment groups showed significantly higher LPP compared to the sham saline group, consistent with restoration of urethral sphincter function. While the difference between the H9-derived pSMC treatment and sham saline group was not significant, it did show a trend toward restoration of the LPP to the level of intact controls. Our data indicate that pSMCs derived from human PSCs (hESC and iPSC) can restore sphincter function.

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Smooth Muscle Precursor Cells Derived from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells for Treatment of Stress Urinary Incontinence

Wang

Wen

et al. 2016

Stem Cells and Development

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“…Special visualization software is no longer required because Adobe Acrobat can be used to place surface-rendered 3D objects into a scientific paper that is distributed as a portable document format (pdf) file (Murienne et al, 2008;Neusser et al, 2009;Ruthensteiner and Hess, 2008) that can be read with the freely available Adobe Reader. We have used such 3D pdfs as supplementary material with publications on heart development Postma et al, 2009;van den Berg et al, 2009;van Wijk et al, 2009) and pelvic anatomy (Wallner et al, 2008;Wallner et al, 2009). This paper describes a computer application that we have developed to place arbitrary sections of the developing mouse heart into their proper anatomical context using high-resolution 3D reference models.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The interactive presentation of 3D information obtained from reconstructed datasets and 3D placement of single histological sections with the 3D portable document format

Boer¹,

Soufan²,

Hagoort³

et al. 2011

Development

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SUMMARYInterpretation of the results of anatomical and embryological studies relies heavily on proper visualization of complex morphogenetic processes and patterns of gene expression in a three-dimensional (3D) context. However, reconstruction of complete 3D datasets is time consuming and often researchers study only a few sections. To help in understanding the resulting 2D data we developed a program (TRACTS) that places such arbitrary histological sections into a high-resolution 3D model of the developing heart. The program places sections correctly, robustly and as precisely as the best of the fits achieved by five morphology experts. Dissemination of 3D data is severely hampered by the 2D medium of print publication. Many insights gained from studying the 3D object are very hard to convey using 2D images and are consequently lost or cannot be verified independently. It is possible to embed 3D objects into a pdf document, which is a format widely used for the distribution of scientific papers. Using the freeware program Adobe Reader to interact with these 3D objects is reasonably straightforward; creating such objects is not. We have developed a protocol that describes, step by step, how 3D objects can be embedded into a pdf document. Both the use of TRACTS and the inclusion of 3D objects in pdf documents can help in the interpretation of 2D and 3D data, and will thus optimize communication on morphological issues in developmental biology.

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“…The PR represents the medial and inferior fibers of the LA, which arise from each side of the pubic bone and form a loop behind the anorectal junction. The ICc, that is the thinnest and posterior part of the levators, arises laterally to the tendinous arch of the LA and the ischial spine and, the muscular fibers from one side join the ones from the opposite side through the iliococcygeal raphe (anococcygeal) and coccyx (Corton;Wallner et al, 2008;Ashton-Miller & DeLancey, 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Histochemical and Morphological Characteristics of the Levator Ani Muscle in Rats

et al. 2011

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SUMMARY:The current study aimed to analyze the histochemical and morphological characteristics of the levator ani muscle in rats. For this, we used 10 Wistar rats (5 males and 5 females), weighing between 200 and 765g. The animals were dissected fresh and in formalin for the levator ani muscle anatomical observation. Muscle fragments were collected and frozen in n-Hexane previously cooled in liquid nitrogen. Then, the muscles were transferred to a microtome cryostat (HM 505 E Microm), being fixed in metal mounts with the adhesive Tissue Freezing Medium. Histological sections of 6.0µm were removed and subjected to HE staining. Other sections were subjected to NADH-TR and SDH reactions. After being dissected and fixed, the architecture of the female pelvic floor revealed the presence of two muscles: iliocaudalis and pubocaudalis. The anatomical inspection in male rats revealed, pronouncedly, the presence of the levator ani muscle: ischiocavernosus and bulbocavernous. We therefore observed a marked anatomical difference between animals of the same species, which does not occur with humans. The HE staining revealed muscular fibers with preserved morphology, contours ranging from polygonal to rounded, acidophilic cytoplasm, one or more peripheral nuclei with rounded shape and dense chromatin aspect. The fibers were organized in fascicles arranged by a dense connective tissue, the perimysium, and each fiber surrounded by the endomysium, composed of loose connective tissue. The sections subjected to NADH-TH and SDH, whose reactions show the activity of oxidative or glycolytic muscle fibers, allowed the identification of the two types of fiber. The fast-twitch fiber shows weaker reactivity, whereas the slow-twitch fiber has small diameter and intense reactivity, especially in the subsarcolemmal, presenting a highly oxidative metabolism. It was found that the pelvic floor muscles in rats are composed primarily by fast-twitch fibers, while in humans they are predominantly formed by slow-twitch fibers. Thus, models with these animals and various kinds of protocols for muscular training should be used cautiously.

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The Anatomical Components of Urinary Continence

Cited by 104 publications

References 25 publications

Smooth Muscle Precursor Cells Derived from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells for Treatment of Stress Urinary Incontinence

Smooth Muscle Precursor Cells Derived from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells for Treatment of Stress Urinary Incontinence

The interactive presentation of 3D information obtained from reconstructed datasets and 3D placement of single histological sections with the 3D portable document format

Histochemical and Morphological Characteristics of the Levator Ani Muscle in Rats

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