Coal mining began in the Raniganj Coalfield of India in the second half of the 18th century. Growth of economy based on coal production, consequently gave rise to a number of mining towns and steel industries in the region. Expansion of settlements in the coal region was followed by waves of migration among workers. The settlement of Raniganj located in the state of West Bengal initially witnessed migration of marginalized castes and tribal population from its neighboring districts. The trend of intrastate migration changed, when workers migrated and settled down from other states of India such as Jharkhand, Bihar, and Uttar Pradesh. Mine authority and workers face challenges of maintenance of safe work environment in the coal mines. This research traces the trend of migration among workers in the coalfield of Raniganj. The research also focuses on the risks of work associated with coal mining and the initiatives taken up for provision of healthcare, protection of workers, and sustenance.