The Analgetic Effects of Low Concentrations of Nitrous Oxide Compared in Man with Morphine Sulphate

Chapman, William P.; Arrowood, Julia G.; Beecher, Henry K.; Green, H. D.; Nickerson, Neil D.; Lewis, Rebecca; Brofman, Bernard L.

doi:10.1097/00000542-194407000-00025

Cited by 19 publications

(24 citation statements)

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“…In three subjects 30 per cent nitrous oxide elevated threshold by an average of 27 per cent in agreement with previous work (12). While breathing this concentration of nitrous oxide subjects described euphoria, dissociation with their surroundings and ringing in the ears.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

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Effects of Hypoxia and Hypercapnia on Perception of Thermal Cutaneous Pain

Stokes¹,

Chapman²,

Smith³

1948

J. Clin. Invest.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…It is interesting to compare the side effects of carbon dioxide with those of intermediate concentrations of nitrous oxide which are known to be definitely analgetic (12). In three subjects 30 per cent nitrous oxide elevated threshold by an average of 27 per cent in agreement with previous work (12).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

Effects of Hypoxia and Hypercapnia on Perception of Thermal Cutaneous Pain

Stokes¹,

Chapman²,

Smith³

1948

J. Clin. Invest.

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“…These results often disagree, for example Seevers et al (1937), using von Frey hairs to produce pain, found that 20% nitrous oxide was ineffective, while Chapman et al (1943) found that the same concentration of nitrous oxide was as effective as 15 mg of morphine sulphate. The results described here were obtained using an electrical method of testing for analgesic effects in mice.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Analgesic Properties of Sub‐anaesthetic Doses of Anaesthetics in the Mouse

Neal¹,

Robson²

1964

British Journal of Pharmacology and Chemotherapy

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Trichlorethylene in a sub-anaesthetic concentration (0.5% v/v in oxygen) has an analgesic effect on mice, which develops slowly and reaches a maximum roughly equivalent to that produced by 5 mg/kg of methadone hydrochloride given by intraperitoneal injection. Ethyl chloride causes analgesia in sub-anaesthetic concentrations (3%) but is much less potent than trichlorethylene. Halothane (0.75%) produces slight but definite analgesia. Cyclopropane and diethyl ether have no appreciable analgesic effect. Concentrations of nitrous oxide (up to 90%) in oxygen lack any observable analgesic action on the mouse. Trichlorethylene is considerably potentiated by nitrous oxide, its anaesthetic rather than its analgesic action being affected. Nitrous oxide (40%) potentiates the analgesic rather than the anaesthetic action of halothane (0.75%). However, increasing the concentration of nitrous oxide to 60% causes the anaesthetic action of halothane to predominate.

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“…Early studies evaluating its potency in comparison with opioid analgesics reported that 30% nitrous oxide is equivalent to 10-15mg of morphine. 7,8 Entonox ® , a mixture of 50% nitrous oxide in oxygen, can be used in spontaneously breathing patients to provide analgesia for short duration procedures where pain is predictable.…”

Section: What Is Entonox ® and How Does It Work?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Entonox® inhalation to reduce pain in common diagnostic and therapeutic outpatient urological procedures: a review of the evidence

Young

Ismail

Papatsoris

et al. 2012

annals

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INTRODUCTION Entonox® (50% nitrous oxide and 50% oxygen; BOC Healthcare, Manchester, UK) is an analgesic and anxiolytic agent that is used to successfully reduce pain and anxiety during dental, paediatric and emergency department procedures. In this article we review the application and efficacy of Entonox® in painful local anaesthesia urological procedures by performing a systematic review of the literature. METHODS A MEDLINE® search was performed using the terms ‘nitrous oxide’, ‘Entonox’, ‘prostate biopsy’, ‘flexible cystoscopy’ and ‘extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy’. English language publications of randomised studies were identified and reviewed. RESULTS The search yielded five randomised studies that investigated the clinical efficacy of Entonox® as an analgesic for day case urological procedures. Three randomised controlled trials (RCTs) investigated Entonox® in transrectal ultrasonography guided prostate biopsy. All three reported significant reductions in pain score in the Entonox® versus control groups. One RCT reported significant reduction in pain during male flexible cystoscopy in the Entonox® group compared with the control group. One RCT, which examined the use of Entonox® during extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, found its use significantly decreased the pain score compared with the control group and this was comparable to intravenous pethidine. CONCLUSIONS Evidence from varied adult and paediatric procedures has shown Entonox® to be an effective, safe and patient acceptable form of analgesia. All published studies of its use in urological day case procedures have found it to significantly reduce procedural pain. There is huge potential to use this cheap, safe, effective analgesic in our current practice.

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The Analgetic Effects of Low Concentrations of Nitrous Oxide Compared in Man with Morphine Sulphate

Cited by 19 publications

References 0 publications

Effects of Hypoxia and Hypercapnia on Perception of Thermal Cutaneous Pain

Effects of Hypoxia and Hypercapnia on Perception of Thermal Cutaneous Pain

The Analgesic Properties of Sub‐anaesthetic Doses of Anaesthetics in the Mouse

Entonox® inhalation to reduce pain in common diagnostic and therapeutic outpatient urological procedures: a review of the evidence

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