“…In this study our results showed that the SFD-40% fraction significantly reduces PGE 2 and NO accumulation in LPS-treated macrophage cells, suggesting that this fraction may induce peripheral analgesia partly by inhibiting PG production. In addition, we identified several chemical components from the SFD-40% fraction by UPLC-MS, including paeoniflorin, ferulic acid, typhaneoside, isorhamnetin-3-O-neohesperidoside, senkyunolide I and senkyunolide H. Paeoniflorin, a major component with 12% content (w/w) in the SFD-40% fraction, has analgesic effects (Zhang et al, 2008); recently it has been reported to inhibit COX-2 expression and activity in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 (Sun et al, 2009), and could also inhibit the L-type Ca 2+ current and Ca 2+ influx in neuronal cells (Tsai et al, 2005). However, it is currently unknown whether isorhamnetin-3-O-neohesperidoside and typhaneoside, the other two compounds with a content of 2.98% and 2% (w/w), respectively, in the SFD-40% fraction, play a role in inhibition of COX-2 or Ca 2+ influx.…”