The Analgesic Effect of Fentanyl, Morphine, Meperidine, and Lidocaine in the Peripheral Veins

Evaluation of low-dose propofol preadministration to attenuate vascular pain during induction of anesthesia

“…Many methods have been examined to prevent propofol injection pain, including pretreatment with thiopental sodium, butorphanol, ondansetron, and nitrous oxide [2][3][4][5]. The most common method is a premixture or preadministration of lidocaine or opioids [1,6]. These methods require additional cost; and lidocaine, if stored for three hours, has been associated with changes in the characteristics of propofol [7].…”

Anesthetic Efficacy of Lidocaine/Meperidine for Inferior Alveolar Nerve Blocks in Patients with Irreversible Pulpitis

“…It is possible that meperidine acts peripherally through opioid specific receptors. However, Pang and co-authors (23) found meperidine was effective in reducing propofol injection pain; this result was not reversible by the addition of naloxone. Jaffe and Rowe (24) found that meperidine blocked conduction of myelinated and unmyelinated axons, and this was not reversed by naloxone.…”

“…Jaffe and Rowe (24) found that meperidine blocked conduction of myelinated and unmyelinated axons, and this was not reversed by naloxone. These two studies (23,24) would suggest a nonopioid mechanism of local anesthetic activity. Hunter and Frank (25) felt the effect of meperidine was because of two mechanisms, a nonspecific local anesthetic effect and an opiate receptor mediated effect.…”

Propofol-Induced Injection Pain: Comparison of a Modified Propofol Emulsion to Standard Propofol with Premixed Lidocaine

“…Several strategies have been applied to alleviate pain, such as previous administration of opioids or metoclopramide and adaptation of the temperature of the emulsion. The most frequently used method to reduce the incidence and intensity of injection pain is the administration of lidocaine, either before propofol injection, with or without a tourniquet (2), or added to the propofol emulsion as a premixture (1,3,4).…”