The amylose content in rice endosperm is related to the post‐transcriptional regulation of the <i>waxy</i> gene

Wang, Zong‐Yang ‐Y; Zheng, Fei‐Qin ‐Q; Shen, Ge-Zhi; Gao, Jinliang; Snustad, D. Peter; Li, Min‐Gang ‐G; Zhang, Jing‐Liu ‐L; Hong, Meng-Min

doi:10.1046/j.1365-313x.1995.7040613.x

Cited by 392 publications

(303 citation statements)

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“…Judging from the amylose content of the isogenic lines, Kikuchi (1988) suggested that Koshihikari, the most popular japonica rice variety in Japan, also harbours the Wx-b gene. Recently, sequence analysis of the wx locus has revealed that the low level of expression of the Wx-b gene results from a single nucleotide substitution at the 5′ splice site of the first intron (Cai et al 1998, Hirano et al 1998, Isshiki et al 1998, Wang et al 1995.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Characterization of Wx-mq, a Novel Mutant Gene for Low-amylose Content in Endosperm of Rice (Oryza sativa L.).

et al. 2002

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In this paper, we characterized the Wx-mq gene for low amylose content in a rice variety, Milky Queen, at the molecular level. The Wx-mq gene was cloned by RT-PCR, and a nearly full-length cDNA sequence of the gene was determined. Sequence comparison between the Wx-mq gene and the wild type allele (Wx-b), cloned from cv. Koshihikari, revealed that two base changes existed within the coding region; a G to A base change at nucleotide position 497 and a T to C base change at nucleotide position 595. Each nucleotide substitution should generate a missense base change (an Arg-158 to His-158 change in exon4, and a Tyr-191 to His-191 change in exon5). However, it is not known which missense mutation is essential for the activity of the WX protein. To identify rice varieties and lines, which harbored the Wx-mq gene, PCR primers were designed at the gene level. These primers were able to amplify the Wx-mq specific 741 bp band in Milky Queen, and in other rice variety and lines, Milky Princess, Joiku 436 and Etsunan 190, all of which have the same pedigree as that of Milky Queen. On the other hand, no 741 bp band was amplified with the primers in Koshihikari which harbored the wild type allele (Wx-b), and the other low-amylose content variety and line, Snow Pearl and NM391, which do not have the pedigree. Thus, it is possible to detect the Wx-mq gene by PCR.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Characterization of Wx-mq, a Novel Mutant Gene for Low-amylose Content in Endosperm of Rice (Oryza sativa L.).

et al. 2002

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“…Cultivars with different grain qualities are also required for medicinal, ceremonial, or special production purposes. Tremendous efforts have been made to understand the genetic basis of rice eating and cooking quality (ECQ) (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6), which is mainly affected by three physicochemical properties: amylose content (AC), gel consistency (GC), and gelatinization temperature (GT) (7)(8)(9), but so far only the Waxy gene (10) has been found to affect AC and ALK (4,11) to GT. We are therefore still facing many challenging questions.…”

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confidence: 99%

Allelic diversities in rice starch biosynthesis lead to a diverse array of rice eating and cooking qualities

Tian

Qian

Liu

et al. 2009

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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More than half of the world's population uses rice as a source of carbon intake every day. Improving grain quality is thus essential to rice consumers. The three main properties that determine rice eating and cooking quality-amylose content, gel consistency, and gelatinization temperature-correlate with one another, but the underlying mechanism of these properties remains unclear. Through an association analysis approach, we found that genes related to starch synthesis cooperate with each other to form a fine regulating network that controls the eating and cooking quality and defines the correlation among these three properties. Genetic transformation results verified the association findings and also suggested the possibility of developing elite cultivars through modification with selected major and/or minor starch synthesisrelated genes.association analysis ͉ grain quality ͉ starch synthesis R ice (Oryza sativa L.) is a pivotal cereal crop that provides the staple food for more than half of the world's population.

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“…Glutinous rice contains a G-to-T mutation at the 59 splice site of Wx intron 1, which leads to incomplete post-transcriptional processing of the pre-mRNA (Wang et al 1995;Bligh et al 1998;Cai et al 1998;Hirano et al 1998;Isshiki et al 1998). Glutinous rice varieties do not have detectable levels of spliced mRNA as a result of this mutation (Wang et al 1995;Bligh et al 1998). Interestingly, some degree of amylose synthesis is restored in cultivars that carry the mutation but display cryptic splice-site activation, which results in alternative Wx pre-mRNA splicing patterns (Wang et al 1995;Bligh et al 1998;Cai et al 1998).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Glutinous rice varieties do not have detectable levels of spliced mRNA as a result of this mutation (Wang et al 1995;Bligh et al 1998). Interestingly, some degree of amylose synthesis is restored in cultivars that carry the mutation but display cryptic splice-site activation, which results in alternative Wx pre-mRNA splicing patterns (Wang et al 1995;Bligh et al 1998;Cai et al 1998). Thus, the occurrence of the splice donor mutation is characteristic of both glutinous varieties, as well as of some nonglutinous, low-amylose varieties.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Selection Under Domestication: Evidence for a Sweep in the Rice Waxy Genomic Region

et al. 2006

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Rice (Oryza sativa) was cultivated by Asian Neolithic farmers .11,000 years ago, and different cultures have selected for divergent starch qualities in the rice grain during and after the domestication process. An intron 1 splice donor site mutation of the Waxy gene is responsible for the absence of amylose in glutinous rice varieties. This mutation appears to have also played an important role in the origin of low amylose, nonglutinous temperate japonica rice varieties, which form a primary component of Northeast Asian cuisines. Waxy DNA sequence analyses indicate that the splice donor mutation is prevalent in temperate japonica rice varieties, but rare or absent in tropical japonica, indica, aus, and aromatic varieties. Sequence analysis across a 500-kb genomic region centered on Waxy reveals patterns consistent with a selective sweep in the temperate japonicas associated with the mutation. The size of the selective sweep (.250 kb) indicates very strong selection in this region, with an inferred selection coefficient that is higher than similar estimates from maize domestication genes or wild species. These findings demonstrate that selection pressures associated with crop domestication regimes can exceed by one to two orders of magnitude those observed for genes under even strong selection in natural systems.

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The amylose content in rice endosperm is related to the post‐transcriptional regulation of the waxy gene

Abstract: SummaryThe waxy (Wx) gene of rice encodes a granule-bound starch synthase (GBSS = waxy protein} required for the synthesis of amylose in endosperm.

Cited by 392 publications

References 30 publications

Molecular Characterization of Wx-mq, a Novel Mutant Gene for Low-amylose Content in Endosperm of Rice (Oryza sativa L.).

Molecular Characterization of Wx-mq, a Novel Mutant Gene for Low-amylose Content in Endosperm of Rice (Oryza sativa L.).

Allelic diversities in rice starch biosynthesis lead to a diverse array of rice eating and cooking qualities

Selection Under Domestication: Evidence for a Sweep in the Rice Waxy Genomic Region

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