The Amount of Milk Consumed by 1‐3 Months Old Breast‐ or Bottle‐fed Infants

Hofvander, Y; Hagman, U; Hillervik, Charlotte; Sjölin, Stig

doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1982.tb09555.x

Cited by 61 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…The data of Hofvander et al (17) for male breast-fed infants within 1 wk of ages 1, 2, and 3 mo were 663, 791, and 81 1 g/d, respectively-intakes quite similar to those reported in Table 2. However, considerably greater intakes have been reported by Nommsen et al (1 8).…”

Section: Model O F Breast-fed Infantsupporting

confidence: 73%

Requirements and Recommended Dietary Intakes of Protein during Infancy

Fomon

1991

Pediatr Res

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Abbreviations RDI, recommended dietary intakeIf it were possible to determine by direct experimentation the intakes of protein that would at specified ages meet the needs of 97 or 98% of normal infants, these quantities could be specified as the RDI. The mean or 50th percentile value for requirement, the intake that would meet the needs of approximately half of the normal infant population, would then be of much less interest. However, in the absence of such evidence from direct experimentation, the most practical approach is to estimate the protein intake that meets the mean requirement, and then to increase the value to account for individual variability, with the result that the RDI would be sufficient to meet the needs of nearly all infants.The factorial approach is commonly used to estimate the mean requirement of infants for protein. For reasons that will be presented, it seems likely that the protein intakes of breast-fed infants are near the requirement level. If this is the case, requirements for protein estimated by the factorial approach can be compared with intakes by breast-fed infants, and any major discrepancy between estimated requirements and such intakes will require explanation.

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Section: Model O F Breast-fed Infantsupporting

confidence: 73%

Requirements and Recommended Dietary Intakes of Protein during Infancy

Fomon

1991

Pediatr Res

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“…Differences in pre-and postfeeding weights give the total amount of milk consumed. Test weighing is regarded as reasonably accurate (Hofvander et al, 1982;Neville et al, 1988). Validation studies suggest that actual intake may be underestimated by approximately 5%, due in part to insensible water loss (primarily from evaporation), estimated at 1-5% of measured milk intake (Brown et al, 1982;Butte et al, 1984;Woolridge et al, 1985;Dewey et al, 1991b).…”

Section: Description Of Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The 6-month data (mean7SD, 100719 g/kg d) are excluded from the AAP Dataset, since unspecified infants in this group received solid food as early as 4 months. Hofvander et al (1982) measured milk intake of 75 exclusively breast-fed infants at ages 30, 60, and 90 (77) days (25 infants at each age). Intakes were measured over a 24-h period.…”

Section: Description Of Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Breast milk and lipid intake distributions for assessing cumulative exposure and risk

Arcus-Arth

Krowech

Zeise

2004

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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Breast milk consumption is the primary route of infant exposure to certain lipophilic toxicants that have accumulated over decades in maternal adipose tissue, as well as to less persistent toxicants from maternal exposure during lactation. Such infant exposures occur at a time of rapid growth and development when susceptibility to certain toxicants can be greatest. Breast milk and lipid intake rates are presented for the 0-6 and 0-12 month age periods for infants fed according to the American Academy of Pediatrics' current recommendations (exclusive breast-feeding for 0-6 months and continued breast-feeding to 12 months). Intake rates are normalized to infant bodyweight to account for the covariance of consumption and bodyweight. Frequency distributions describe the population variability in intake. For age 0-12 months, daily average milk intake is 100.7722.7 g/kg day (mean7SD), with a 95th percentile of 153.5 g/kg day. Breast milk intake distributions are also developed for infants exclusively breast-fed (no significant calories from non-breast milk sources) over their first year, and for the entire (nursing and non-nursing) infant population. For short-term exposures, intake can be derived from the regression equation presented here. Lipid intake estimated assuming a 4% lipid content (current risk assessment practice) is compared and found comparable to that derived from measured lipid content. The national trend of increased breast-feeding found in surveys further supports including the breast milk pathway in risk assessment.

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“…For infants between birth and six months, IOM (1998) derived an AI for niacin based on the estimated niacin concentration of breast milk of 1.8 mg/L (Ford et al, 1983) and the reported mean intake of breast milk for this age group of 0.78 L/day (Hofvander et al, 1982;Butte et al, 1984;Chandra, 1984;Allen et al, 1991). Because of the high rate of protein turnover and the net positive nitrogen retention in infancy, tryptophan intake was not considered.…”

Section: Infants and Childrenmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for niacin

Products¹

2014

EFSA Journal

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Following a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA) derived Dietary Reference Values (DRVs) for niacin. Niacin is a generic term for nicotinic acid and nicotinamide. Niacin can be synthesised in the human body from the indispensable amino acid tryptophan. Approximately 60 mg of tryptophan yields 1 mg of niacin defined as 1 mg niacin equivalent (NE). Long-term inadequate intake of tryptophan and niacin can lead to the development of pellagra. In the absence of new scientific data, the Panel endorses the Average Requirement (AR) for adults of 1.3 mg NE/MJ (5.5 mg NE/1 000 kcal) adopted by the Scientific Committee for Food (1993), based on data on urinary excretion of niacin metabolites as an endpoint. The Population Reference Intake (PRI) of 1.6 mg NE/MJ (6.6 mg NE/1 000 kcal) is derived from the AR assuming a coefficient of variation of 10 %. For infants aged 7-11 months, children and adolescents, as well as for pregnant and lactating women, the Panel considers that there is no evidence that the relationship between niacin requirement and energy requirement differs from that of adults; therefore, the AR and PRI for adults are also applied to these age and life stage groups. Niacin is a generic term for nicotinic acid and nicotinamide, soluble organic compounds that belong to the group of B vitamins. Niacin is found in a wide range of foods. Main food groups contributing to niacin intakes of adults include meat and meat products, grains and grain-based products and milk and milk products. Depending on the foodstuff, the mean absorption of niacin is from about 23 % to about 70 %; it is lowest from cereals and highest from animal products. Niacin can be synthesised in the human body from the indispensable amino acid tryptophan. Approximately 60 mg of tryptophan yields 1 mg of niacin defined as 1 mg niacin equivalent (NE). Inadequate iron, riboflavin or vitamin B6 status decreases the conversion of tryptophan to niacin.In vivo nicotinic acid is converted to nicotinamide, which is a precursor for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP), which are essential to cells and involved in many biochemical reactions. Niacin circulates in the plasma as nicotinamide and nicotinic acid. Both forms are transported to cells and tissues, which they enter by diffusion to perform the intracellular functions of niacin. Niacin is trapped within the cell as NAD or NADP.The major pathway of catabolism of nicotinic acid and nicotinamide is by methylation in the liver to N-methyl-nicotinamide (NMN) and subsequent oxidation to N-methyl-2-pyridone-carboxamide (2-Pyr) and N-methyl-4-pyridone-carboxamide (4-Pyr). In humans, the two major excretion products are NMN and 2-Pyr, which under normal conditions represent about 20-35 % and 45-60 % of niacin metabolites, respectively. The amount of niacin metabolites excreted depends on the niacin and tryptophan intake. Long-term inadequate intake of tryptophan and niacin results in...

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The Amount of Milk Consumed by 1‐3 Months Old Breast‐ or Bottle‐fed Infants

Cited by 61 publications

References 9 publications

Requirements and Recommended Dietary Intakes of Protein during Infancy

Requirements and Recommended Dietary Intakes of Protein during Infancy

Breast milk and lipid intake distributions for assessing cumulative exposure and risk

Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for niacin

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