The Amino Acids of Human Sweat

Hier, Stanley W.; Cornbleet, Theodore; Bergeim, Olaf

doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(17)35010-x

Cited by 94 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…The contribution of NO to the sweating response during exercise is blunted by aging (12,13,48). Based on previous suggestions of urea (a primary end-product of arginase) production in the eccrine sweat gland (18), along with elevated urea nitrogen in the sweat of older compared with younger adults (2), we surmised that age-related increases in arginase activity may reciprocally inhibit NO production via NOS. This was not the case, however, as we observed no differences in sweat rate between the control and arginaseinhibited skin sites in either age group during exercise (Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

“…3). A potential explanation for these findings may be that the elevated urea in sweat (18), especially in older adults (2), may simply represent differences in the relative size of the urea pool sequestered within the epidermis (17).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…During whole-body passive heating in older adults, local arginase inhibition has been shown to augment cutaneous vasodilation to a level comparable to their younger counterparts (22,23,47). Additionally, studies of eccrine sweat urea nitrogen (a primary end-product of arginase) suggest that arginase is also localized in the sweat gland (18), and increased urea in the sweat of older versus younger adults (2) may indicate upregulated sweat gland arginase activity with aging. That said, the role of arginase in mediating cutaneous vasodilation and sweating during exercise is currently unknown.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Local arginase inhibition does not modulate cutaneous vasodilation or sweating in young and older men during exercise

Meade

Fujii

McGarr

et al. 2019

Journal of Applied Physiology

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Age-related impairments in cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC) and sweat rate (SR) during exercise may result from increased arginase activity, which can attenuate endogenous nitric oxide (NO) production. We therefore evaluated whether arginase inhibition modulates these heat-loss responses in young ( n = 9, 23 ± 3 yr) and older ( n = 9, 66 ± 6 yr) men during two 30-min bouts of moderate-intensity cycling (Ex1 and Ex2) in the heat (35°C). CVC and SR were measured at forearm skin sites perfused with 1) lactated Ringer’s (control), 2) NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME; NO synthase-inhibited), or 3) Nω-hydroxy-nor-arginine and S-(2-boronoethyl)-l-cysteine (Nor-NOHA + BEC; arginase-inhibited). In both groups, CVC was reduced at L-NAME relative to control and Nor-NOHA + BEC (both P < 0.01). Likewise, SR was attenuated with L-NAME compared with control and Nor-NOHA + BEC during each exercise bout in the young men (all P ≤ 0.05); however, no influence of treatment on SR in the older men was observed ( P = 0.14). Based on these findings, we then evaluated responses in 7 older men (64 ± 7 yr) during passively induced elevations in esophageal temperature (∆Tes) equal to those in Ex1 (0.6°C) and Ex2 (0.8°C). L-NAME reduced CVC by 18 ± 20% CVCmax at a ∆Tes of 0.8°C ( P = 0.03) compared with control, whereas Nor-NOHA + BEC augmented CVC by 20 ± 18% CVCmax, on average, throughout heating (both P ≤ 0.03). SR was not influenced by either treatment ( P = 0.80) Thus, arginase inhibition does not modulate CVC or SR during exercise in the heat but, consistent with previous findings, does augment CVC in older men during passive heating. NEW & NOTEWORTHY In the current study, we demonstrate that local arginase inhibition does not influence forearm cutaneous vasodilatory and sweating responses in young or older men during exercise-heat stress. Consistent with previous findings, however, we observed augmented cutaneous blood flow with arginase inhibition during whole-body passive heat stress. Thus, arginase differentially affects cutaneous vasodilation depending on the mode of heat stress but does not influence sweating during exercise or passive heating.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Local arginase inhibition does not modulate cutaneous vasodilation or sweating in young and older men during exercise

Meade

Fujii

McGarr

et al. 2019

Journal of Applied Physiology

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“…Given the reported presence of amino acids in outdoor airborne particles collected at both marine and land-based locations, 385 coupled with outdoor-to-indoor transport of such particles, one can anticipate that amino acids are present in particles indoors. Amino acids are present in sweat 421,428,429 ; in corneocytes 422 ; in skin surface films 418 ; and in natural moisturizing factor (NMF), 430 which plays an important role keeping the stratum corneum hydrated. Hence, we expect these amino acids to be transferred to surfaces that humans contact, and to surfaces soiled with their squames (skin flakes).…”

Section: Indoor Amino Acidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Indoor acids and bases

2020

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Numerous acids and bases influence indoor air quality. The most abundant of these species are CO2 (acidic) and NH3 (basic), both emitted by building occupants. Other prominent inorganic acids are HNO3, HONO, SO2, H2SO4, HCl, and HOCl. Prominent organic acids include formic, acetic, and lactic; nicotine is a noteworthy organic base. Sources of N‐, S‐, and Cl‐containing acids can include ventilation from outdoors, indoor combustion, consumer product use, and chemical reactions. Organic acids are commonly more abundant indoors than outdoors, with indoor sources including occupants, wood, and cooking. Beyond NH3 and nicotine, other noteworthy bases include inorganic and organic amines. Acids and bases partition indoors among the gas‐phase, airborne particles, bulk water, and surfaces; relevant thermodynamic parameters governing the partitioning are the acid‐dissociation constant (Ka), Henry's law constant (KH), and the octanol‐air partition coefficient (Koa). Condensed‐phase water strongly influences the fate of indoor acids and bases and is also a medium for chemical interactions. Indoor surfaces can be large reservoirs of acids and bases. This extensive review of the state of knowledge establishes a foundation for future inquiry to better understand how acids and bases influence the suitability of indoor environments for occupants, cultural artifacts, and sensitive equipment.

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“…While merely hypotheses surrounding our data, the historical literature is inconsistent surrounding diet and sweat metabolite content. For instance, Hier et al suggest diet has little immediate impact on amino acid content of whole body sweat, proposing a weak link between plasma and sweat, although only a short timeframe was evaluated (Heir et al, 1946) Conversely, Gitlitz et al suggest amino acid content in sweat is a result of transfer from the intestinal fluid indicating a potential delayed link between the blood and sweat glands (Gitlitz et al, 1974). While plausible, these hypotheses must be further explored, in relation to blood level and potentially intestinal fluid levels, to fully understand the relationship between diet and sweat metabolites including amino acids.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact of Nutritional Supplementation on Sweat Metabolomic Content: A Proof-of-Concept Study

et al. 2021

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Sweat is emerging as a prominent biosource for real-time human performance monitoring applications. Although promising, sources of variability must be identified to truly utilize sweat for biomarker applications. In this proof-of-concept study, a targeted metabolomics method was applied to sweat collected from the forearms of participants in a 12-week exercise program who ingested either low or high nutritional supplementation twice daily. The data establish the use of dried powder mass as a method for metabolomic data normalization from sweat samples. Additionally, the results support the hypothesis that ingestion of regular nutritional supplementation semi-quantitatively impact the sweat metabolome. For example, a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of relative normalized metabolite quantities show an area under the curve of 0.82 suggesting the sweat metabolome can moderately predict if an individual is taking nutritional supplementation. Finally, a significant correlation between physical performance and the sweat metabolome are established. For instance, the data illustrate that by utilizing multiple linear regression modeling approaches, sweat metabolite quantities can predict VO2 max (p = 0.0346), peak lower body Windage (p = 0.0112), and abdominal circumference (p = 0.0425). The results illustrate the need to account for dietary nutrition in biomarker discovery applications involving sweat as a biosource.

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The Amino Acids of Human Sweat

Cited by 94 publications

References 9 publications

Local arginase inhibition does not modulate cutaneous vasodilation or sweating in young and older men during exercise

Local arginase inhibition does not modulate cutaneous vasodilation or sweating in young and older men during exercise

Indoor acids and bases

The Impact of Nutritional Supplementation on Sweat Metabolomic Content: A Proof-of-Concept Study

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