The American Voter, by Angus Campbell, Philip E. Converse, Warren E. Miller, Donald E. Stokes

Candidate authenticity and the Iowa Caucus

“…To capture ideological differences within this grouping, we use responses to whether respondents consider themselves to be neither liberal nor conservative, liberal or very liberal 7 . For modelling purposes, we assume the influence pattern of these independent variables follows a standard voting behavior model, suggested by the 'funnel of causality' argument (Campbell et al, 1960;Lewis-Beck et al, 2008, chapter 2). Thus, these demographic and ideological variables will be those initially introduced into our equations.…”

Ethnicity and governing party support in Africa: A longitudinal multilevel analysis

“…A competing theory is that of the so-called Michigan school (Campbell et al, 1960), which bases its arguments on the party identification approach. The central point of this model is the mediating role of long-term psychological predispositions and cultural values in guiding electoral behaviour (Dalton and Wattenberg, 1993: 197).…”

Corruption victimization and anti‐incumbent voting

“…This leads us to our second main hypothesis:Hypothesis Citizens should be more likely to punish politicians for bureaucratic corruption in settings where politicians exercise stronger control over bureaucrats.Turning to the individual level, regardless of actual political control over the bureaucracy, citizen beliefs about politician culpability may vary across people and hence affect which citizens are more likely to blame politicians for bureaucratic corruption. A longstanding literature shows that citizens understand many political phenomena through a partisan lens (e.g., Campbell et al, 1960; Zaller, 1992). We know from the more general literature on corruption that partisanship powerfully affects citizens' perceptions of levels of grand corruption (Anderson & Tverdova, 2003).…”