The ameliorative effect of Alkanna orientalis extract against Cerastes cerastes venom renal , lipogram and cholinergic toxicity

Abstract

The present study designed to evaluate the toxicity of Cerastes cerastes (Cc) venom on male albino rats and the possible ameliorative role of Alkanna orientalis (Ao) extract against venom toxicity. Forty-eight adult male albino rats (180 ± 200 g) divided into 6 groups. Group I injected intraperitonial with physiological saline (100μl). Group II injected intraperitonial with Ao extract (250 mg/kg/BW). Group III was injected with 1/10 LD50 of Cc venom (0.435 mg/kg/BW). Group IV injected intraperitonial with Cc venom (0.435 mg/kg/BW) then immediately injected with Ao extract (250 mg/kg/BW). Group V was given Ao extract orally (250 mg/kg/b.wt) then after 2 hours injected with Cc venom (0.435 mg/kg/BW) Group VI was injected with Cc venom (0.435 mg/kg/BW) then was injected immediately with immunoglobulin (300μl). Group III showed a significant increase in serum creatinin, urea, uric acid as well as a significant decrease in serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, glucose level, calcium and cholinesterase when compared with control group. As well as, Ao extract when given intraperitonial immediately or orally 2 hours before Cc venom as antidote, it minimizes the changes of previous biochemical parameters. groups IV and V when compared with group VI, it showed that Ao extract considered more effective antidote than antivenom immunoglobulin for Cc venom renal, lipogram and cholinergic toxicity. In conclusion, Ao extract showed a new therapeutic and prophylaxis agents against Cc venom renal, lipogram and cholinergic toxicity.

Pre-clinical efficacy of African medicinal plants used in the treatment of snakebite envenoming: A systematic review

“…The reviewed studies were performed using rodents, including rats (Adzu et al, 2005;Fung et al, 2009;Tan et al, 2009;Fung et al, 2011;Omale et al, 2013;Fung et al, 2014;Nasser et al, 2018;Fasuba et al, 2019;Gabriel et al, 2020;Adeyemi et al, 2021) and mice (Abubakar et al, 2000;Asuzu and Harvey, 2003;Abubakar et al, 2006;Ode and Asuzu, 2006) while the in vitro studies were conducted using pig muscle cell lines, mice muscle cell lines, and egg yolk (Abubakar et al, 2006(Abubakar et al, , 2020Fung et al, 2014;Molander et al, 2014Molander et al, , 2015.…”

“…Efficacy in neutralizing neurotoxicity, hematotoxicity, and cytotoxicity were considered secondary outcomes (World Health Organization, 2017). Sixteen studies assessed either one or two of the secondary outcomes with significant effect compared with the control group that received no medicinal plant intervention (Asuzu and Harvey, 2003;Abubakar et al, 2006;Ode and Asuzu, 2006;Nasser et al, 2018;Gabriel et al, 2020), hemolytic effect (Adzu et al, 2005;Adeyemi et al, 2021), histopathologic effect (Fung et al, 2014) and PLA 2 enzyme inhibition (Abubakar et al, 2000;Molander et al, 2014).…”

“…A total of seventeen studies reported the screening of 240 medicinal plants for biological activity against the venom of 15 different snake species as shown in Table 3. Furthermore, the extracted parts of plants used for antisnake venom screening in the included studies comprise leaves, stem bark, roots, seeds, bulb, cortex, or folium, except for the survey conducted by Nasser et al (2018), which used the whole plant in extracting the test sample. Cortex was used 16 times, followed by roots (15 times), leaves, and folium (10 times).…”

“…The in vivo studies in our SR reported the use of either mice or rats in evaluating medicinal plants, while the in vitro studies used egg yolk, blood samples, and pig muscle cell lines. Ten of the included studies reported efficacy in terms of statistical significance (p ≤ 0.05) on specific pathologies induced by SBE compared with negative control groups, including neurotoxicity, hematotoxicity, cytotoxicity, and effect on cholesterol profile (Tan et al, 2009;Fung et al, 2011;Omale et al, 2013;Molander et al, 2015Nasser et al, 2018Abubakar et al, 2020;Adeyemi et al, 2021). In ethnopharmacology, the family of any plant of interest is paramount to drug discovery.…”

“…The introduction of antivenomics has provided an important avenue for exploring clear and more precise methods in the preclinical screening of medicinal plants for biological activity against snake venom-induced pathologies. We observed that most of the included studies used crude extracts of plant parts during screening, while others used fractionated extracts (Nasser et al, 2018;Abubakar et al, 2020;Gabriel et al, 2020). Although plants contain many bioactive compounds, only one out of the seventeen studies used Gas Chromatography coupled with a Mass Spectrometer (GC/SM) to separate and identify the active constituents in the extract.…”