The Amazonian Neogene Fish Fauna

Genetic and Morphometric Evidence for the Recognition of Several Recently Synonymized Species of Trans-AndeanRhamdia(Pisces: Siluriformes: Heptapteridae)

“…Since there are no known fossil records for Heptapteridae, two calibration points were used, one for the Pseudopimelodidae node and one for the Pimelodidae node, which are part of the outgroup. Cephalosilurus from the Miocene of South America (Lundberg et al, 2010) was used to calibrate the Pseudopimelodidae node (lognormal distribution, mean 0.1, SD 0.8, offset 11.5, range 15.9-11.5 million years ago [mya]), and the Pimelodus group (Lundberg et al, 2010) from the Paleogene of South America was used to calibrate the Pimelodidae node (lognormal distribution, mean 0.6, SD 1.0, offset 30.0, range 40-30 mya; Campbell, 2004). Although additional fossils in other outgroups are known, the number of outgroups was minimized so as to avoid problems of analysis due to saturation of the DNA data.…”

A 60-million-year Cenozoic history of western Amazonian ecosystems in Contamana, eastern Peru

“…Most of these localities represent a series of snapshots in the history of Proto-Amazonia and/or glimpses into the evolutionary history of a given taxonomic group, which are not easily correlated temporally, although synthetic works have begun to pave the way for broader analyses: see Hoorn (1993) and Jaramillo et al (2011) for Neogene and Cenozoic palynostratigraphy, respectively; Wesselingh et al (2006) for Miocene mollusks; Sheppard and Bate (1980), Muñoz-Torres et al (1998), Ramos (2006), Wesselingh and Ramos (2010), or Gross et al (2013Gross et al ( , 2014 for ostracods and/or foraminifers; Lovejoy et al (1998Lovejoy et al ( , 2006, Monsch (1998), Brito and Deynat (2004), Brito et al (2007), and Lundberg et al (2010) for fish evolution and distribution; Negri et al (2010) for mammals and birds; Hovikoski et al (2010), Lundberg et al (2010), Boonstra et al (2015) for sedimentological and paleontological arguments of Miocene marine incursions.…”

Palaeontological Evidence for the Last Temporal Occurrence of the Ancient Western Amazonian River Outflow into the Caribbean

“…All of the fossil taxa identified to or below the genus level have congeneric extant representatives in the Neotropical ichthyofauna that are widely distributed in the Amazon, Orinoco and Essequibo rivers and their tributaries. The fossil record from the sedimentary units Middle Miocene La Victoria and Villavieja (Honda Group) in Colombia [16], Late Miocene Urumaco in Venezuela [17], Late Miocene Solimões/Pebas (Madre de Dios: Iñapari) in Brazil, and Early to Late Miocene Solimões/Pebas in the Upper Amazon Basin, Brazil, Colombia and Peru [8] preserve a large diversity of vertebrates, including freshwater catfishes (see [18]). Representatives of Pimelodidae include: † Brachyplatystoma promagdalena Lundberg 2005 [19] and B. cf.…”

“…acreornatus Aguilera et al 2008 [21], and Phractocephalus sp. (in [18,21]); Platysilurus sp. (in [10]); Zungaro and fossils tentatively referred to Pimelodus [18].…”