The Amarna Letters and the Amarna Period

Campbell, Edward F.

doi:10.2307/3209193

Cited by 46 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…The Near East during the 2 nd millennium BC is a particularly promising arena to explore many of the questions targeting mobility patterns and effects, as it has often been discussed as an era of high levels of interregional connectivity in areas such as trade, diplomacy, and artistic expression, documented by both the material and textual records [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]. The wide-ranging social, cultural, and economic contacts of this period have long been understood to involve high levels of individual mobility on a broad scale and across a wide area, as the exchange and movement of traders, artisans, and representatives of kings is well documented [9][10][11][12][13]. However, there have been limited studies of individuals' life histories and broader demographic trends during this time period which are based in bioarchaeology, particularly in the Levant (though much of the isotopic work done on humans has been in both earlier and later periods [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25]; for 3 rd millennium BC Mesopotamia, see also [26]).…”

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confidence: 99%

Human mobility at Tell Atchana (Alalakh), Hatay, Turkey during the 2nd millennium BC: Integration of isotopic and genomic evidence

et al. 2021

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The Middle and Late Bronze Age, a period roughly spanning the 2nd millennium BC (ca. 2000–1200 BC) in the Near East, is frequently referred to as the first ‘international age’, characterized by intense and far-reaching contacts between different entities from the eastern Mediterranean to the Near East and beyond. In a large-scale tandem study of stable isotopes and ancient DNA of individuals excavated at Tell Atchana (Alalakh, located in Hatay, Turkey), we explored the role of mobility at the capital of a regional kingdom, named Mukish during the Late Bronze Age, which spanned the Amuq Valley and some areas beyond. We generated strontium and oxygen isotope data from dental enamel for 53 individuals and 77 individuals, respectively, and added ancient DNA data of 10 newly sequenced individuals to a dataset of 27 individuals published in 2020. Additionally, we improved the DNA coverage of one individual from this 2020 dataset. The DNA data revealed a very homogeneous gene pool. This picture of an overwhelmingly local ancestry was consistent with the evidence of local upbringing in most of the individuals indicated by the isotopic data, where only five were found to be non-local. High levels of contact, trade, and exchange of ideas and goods in the Middle and Late Bronze Ages, therefore, seem not to have translated into high levels of individual mobility detectable at Tell Atchana.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human mobility at Tell Atchana (Alalakh), Hatay, Turkey during the 2nd millennium BC: Integration of isotopic and genomic evidence

et al. 2021

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“…The Near East during the second millennium BC is a particularly promising arena to explore many of the questions targeting mobility patterns and effects, as it has often been discussed as an era of high levels of international connectivity in areas such as trade, diplomacy, and artistic expression, documented by both the material and textual records [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]. The wide-ranging social, cultural, and economic contacts of this period have long been understood to involve high levels of individual mobility on a broad scale and across a wide area, as the exchange and movement of traders, artisans, and representatives of kings is well-documented [9][10][11][12][13]. However, there have been limited direct studies of life history and broader demographic trends during this time period, particularly in the Levant (where much of the isotopic work done on humans has been in later periods [14][15][16][17][18][19][20]), limiting the degree to which this can be effectively tested, although isotopic work done in second millennium BC contexts in Egypt [21,22], Crete [23,24], Greece [25,26], Anatolia [27,28], and Arabia [29] have indicated differing levels of individual mobility ranging from populations composed primarily of local individuals to those with very high levels of non-locals.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human mobility at Tell Atchana (Alalakh) during the 2nd millennium BC: integration of isotopic and genomic evidence

Ingman

Eisenmann

Skourtanioti

et al. 2020

Preprint

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The Middle and Late Bronze Age Near East, a period roughly spanning the second millennium BC (ca. 2000-1200 BC), is frequently referred to as the first ‘international age’, characterized by intense and far-reaching contacts between different entities from the eastern Mediterranean to the Near East and beyond. In a large-scale tandem study of stable isotopes and ancient DNA of individuals excavated at Tell Atchana (Alalakh), situated in the northern Levant, we explore the role of mobility at the capital of a regional kingdom. We generated strontium isotope data for 53 individuals, oxygen isotope data for 77 individuals, and added ancient DNA data from 9 new individuals to a recently published dataset of 28 individuals. A dataset like this, from a single site in the Near East, is thus far unparalleled in terms of both its breadth and depth, providing the opportunity to simultaneously obtain an in-depth view of individual mobility and also broader demographic insights into the resident population. The DNA data reveals a very homogeneous gene pool, with only one outlier. This picture of an overwhelmingly local ancestry is consistent with the evidence of local upbringing in most of the individuals indicated by the isotopic data, where only five were found to be ‘non-local’. High levels of contact, trade, and exchange of ideas and goods in the Middle and Late Bronze Ages, therefore, seem not to have translated into high levels of individual mobility detectable at Tell Atchana.

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Personal Value and the “Song of the Sea”

Spalding¹

1986

Counseling and Values

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The author draws a contrast between certain pagan hymns of victory and the biblical hymn of victory recorded in Exodus 15: 1b–18. The author notes that in the Exodus hymn, Yahweh, God of Israel, fulfills the role that is assigned by the pagan hymns to a terrestrial king. This shift in emphasis from the human to the divine carries with it a new view of the human creature, which asserts that human beings beholden to this God owe no absolute obedience to any ruler or any state. The biblical hymn, then, praises not simply God but the absolute dignity of all human beings.

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The Amarna Letters and the Amarna Period

Cited by 46 publications

References 1 publication

Human mobility at Tell Atchana (Alalakh), Hatay, Turkey during the 2nd millennium BC: Integration of isotopic and genomic evidence

Human mobility at Tell Atchana (Alalakh), Hatay, Turkey during the 2nd millennium BC: Integration of isotopic and genomic evidence

Human mobility at Tell Atchana (Alalakh) during the 2nd millennium BC: integration of isotopic and genomic evidence

Personal Value and the “Song of the Sea”

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