The alloy content and grain size dependence of flow stress in CuTi alloys

Aging of Cu-3 at% Ti Alloys in Hydrogen Atmosphere: Influence of Hydrogen Pressure on Strength and Electrical Conductivity

“…The mechanical strength of Cu-Ti alloys is comparable to that of Cu-Be alloys with good stress-relaxation behavior and higher thermostability. [1][2][3][4] However, Cu-Ti alloys are inferior in electrical conductivity, due to the much larger contribution of Ti solute to the resistivity than Be. 5,6) To extend the industrial applicability of Cu-Ti alloys for electrical parts such as lead frames and connectors, it is strongly desirable to provide Cu-Ti alloys with both high strength and high conductivity.…”

Microstructure of Hot-Deformed Cu-3Ti Alloy

“…The matrix grain size, created during the hot working processes, markedly determines properties of titanium bronze semi-finished and finished products, affecting the course and effect of cold working as well as subsequent solution heat treatment and aging [2,7,23,24].…”

“…Due to their toxicity, the use of beryllium bronzes has been forbidden for many years in Poland and EU countries as beryllium compounds are hazardous during melting, casting, pressure welding, welding, hot deformation, cutting and grinding [1,13]. For many years, therefore, worldwide studies have been focused on discovering cheaper and non-toxic substitutes for Cu-Be alloys [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]14]. Currently, the best substitutes for beryllium bronzes seem to be binary Cu-Ti or multicomponent CuTi-X alloys that demonstrate mechanical properties and conductivity comparable to those of beryllium bronzes [15][16][17].…”

“…Beryllium bronzes are commonly used when sparking causes explosion hazard and for applications where good strength and conductivity as well as abrasion resistance, elasticity and corrosion resistance are required [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12].…”

“…The performance characteristics of titanium bronzes result from the titanium content, the size of matrix (coppertitanium solid solution) grain, overall deformation during cold working and morphologies of generated (during solution heat treatment and aging) dispersed precipitates of intermetallic phases [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23]. The matrix grain size, created during the hot working processes, markedly determines properties of titanium bronze semi-finished and finished products, affecting the course and effect of cold working as well as subsequent solution heat treatment and aging [2,7,23,24].…”