The allometry of brooding in Transennella tantilla (Gould) (Mollusca: Bivalvia)

Reproduction, development and population biology of the Caribbean ophiuroidOphionereis olivacea, a protandric hermaphrodite that broods its young

“…The allometry hypothesis provides an explanation for the link between brooding and small adult size in several taxa , Kabat 1985. In Asternia phylactica, the asteroid used as the model for the allometry hypothesis, the capacity to produce eggs increases volumetrically with size, whereas brood space increases with surface area .…”

“…The allometry hypothesis proposes that large species can not brood their young because they produce more embryos than they could care for, such as when egg production increases volumetrically with ovary size while the brood capacity increases with surface area (Heath 1977, Strathmann and Strathmann 1982). This hypothesis is based on comparisons of gonad size and brood space, and has been tested for several taxa including asteroids and bivalves , Kabat 1985, McGrath and OFoighil 1986.…”

Effects of trematode parasitism on reproductive output of the bivalve Transennella tantilla

“…It occurs intertidally and subtidally in protected sand bottom bays, from Sitka, Alaska, to Baja California (Bernard 1983;Kozloff 1983). This species is a protandric hermaphrodite: adults up to 3.5 mm in shell length are males, and those over 3.5 mm in shell length are females, with some overlap at transition sizes (Hansen 1953;Kabat 1985).…”

Isolation of incubation chambers during brooding: effect of reduced pH on protoconch development in the estuarine gastropod Crepipatella dilatata (Calyptraeidae)

“…Paradoxically then, incubating embryos in the pallial fluid, usually considered as a protective mechanism supporting embryonic development (Kabat 1985, Beekey & Hornbach 2004, Ojeda & Chaparro 2004, may instead, under circumstances of prolonged periods of shut-down by the mother, become a serious problem for the incubated embryos (Chaparro et al 2009). The effects of such isolation on embryonic and post-embryonic development have not previously been documented.…”