The air space of the hen's egg and its changes during the period of incubation

Romijn, C.; Roos, J.

doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1938.sp003687

Cited by 91 publications

(27 citation statements)

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“…The period between the onset of lung ventilation and hatching in the groups P, C and O lasted 23-7, 22-9 and 21-6 hr respectively. These values agree reasonably well with the ones found by Romijn and Roos (1938) and Windle and Barcroft (1938). From Table 3 it appears that the differences in the time of hatching were, on the whole, relatively small.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 86%

“…This attended by a drastic fall of the O 2 content and a similar rise of the CO 2 content of the air space (Romijn and Roos, 1938). The extreme gaseous composition thus arising will be reached more quickly if the shell is made less permeable.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…From studies of Romijn and Roos (1938) and Windle and Barcroft (1938) it is known that the pulmonary respiration starts about 24 hr before hatching and then develops gradually. This attended by a drastic fall of the O 2 content and a similar rise of the CO 2 content of the air space (Romijn and Roos, 1938).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The air space and embryonic respiration

Visschedijk

1968

British Poultry Science

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The time at which pipping took place in eggs from a number of breeds and cross-breeds was accelerated by an average of 7.6 hr by preventing gaseous exchange through the shell over the air space after 171/2-191/2 days of incubation. In contrast the time of pipping was delayed by an average of 6.0 hr when gaseous exchange by the same route was increased. The time of hatching, however, was not changed by either treatment. The period between pipping and hatching lasted therefore 20.1 hr in the eggs of which the shell over the air space was coated with liquid paraffin, 12.5 hr in the control eggs and 6.5 hr in the eggs with opened air spaces.When the treatments were carried out at the onset of pulmonary respiration the parafoetal period lasted 3.7 hr in the paraffin-coated eggs, 9.0 hr in the controls and 14.9 hr in the opened eggs. The period between the onset of lung ventilation and the time of hatching was 23.7 hr, 22.9 hr and 21.6 hr on average in the respective groups.The inhibition of the gaseous exchange through the shell over the air space stimulated mainly or exclusively the process of pipping. It was shown that this stimulus is not effective until pulmonary respiration has been initiated.The possibility was taken into account, however, that an inhibition of the gaseous exchange across the shell before the onset of lung ventilation could also have a slightly stimulating effect on this event.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 86%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

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The air space and embryonic respiration

Visschedijk

1968

British Poultry Science

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“…During incubation the concentrations in the air cell of the egg of both oxygen and carbon dioxide change. Oxygen concentration falls from 21% at day 4 to 12% at day 20 and the carbon dioxide concentration increases from 0·6% at day 4 to 6% at day 20 (Romijn & Roos, 1938). Therefore, the opening of the air cell of the egg could have had consequences on the embryonic blood gases, influencing CO distribution.…”

Section: The Chick Embryo As a Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cardiac output distribution in response to hypoxia in the chick embryo in the second half of the incubation time

Mulder

Golde

Prinzen

et al. 1998

The Journal of Physiology

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The fetus develops cardiovascular adaptations to protect vital organs in situations such as hypoxia and asphyxia. These include bradycardia, increased systemic blood pressure and redistribution of the cardiac output. The extent to which they involve maternal or placenta influences is not known. The objective of the present work was to study the cardiac output distribution in response to hypoxia in the chick embryo, which is independent of the mother. Fertilized eggs were studied at three incubation times (10‐13 days, 14‐16 days and 17‐19 days of a normal incubation time of 21 days). Eggs were placed in a Plexiglass box in which the oxygen concentration could be changed. Eggs were opened at the air cell and a chorioallantoic vein was catheterized. Cardiac output distribution was measured with 15 μm fluorescent microspheres injected during normoxia, during the last minute of a 5 min period of hypoxia and after 5 min of subsequent reoxygenation. Hypoxia caused a redistribution of the cardiac output in favour of heart (+17 to +160 % of baseline) and brain (+21 to +57 % of baseline) at the expense of liver (‐3 to ‐65 % of baseline), yolk‐sac (‐46 to ‐77 % of baseline) and carcass (‐6 to ‐33 % of baseline). The magnitude of the changes in cardiac output distribution to the heart, brain, liver and carcass in response to hypoxia increased with advancing incubation time. The data demonstrate the development of a protective redistribution of the cardiac output in response to hypoxia in the chick embryo from day 10 of incubation.

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“…The final L re value is only 1.32 times that of day 10. Romijn and Roos (1938) found that the 'allantoic surface, which lines the floor of the air space' comprises 10-20% of the entire respiratory area of the embryo in the last days of the incubation. In our study, the ratio S ac /S re increases from 0.13 (day 10) to 0.25 on day 20 (Table·3).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regional and developmental variations of blood vessel morphometry in the chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane

Reizis

Hammel

2005

Journal of Experimental Biology

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Avian eggs contain all the necessary materials for embryonic development except for oxygen, which diffuses in from the environment via pores in the hard, calcified eggshell to the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM), the respiratory organ, which is rich in blood vessels. An air cell is formed at the blunt pole of the egg between the two membranes of the eggshell and enlarges during incubation due to water vapor loss. In this study of the CAM of chicken eggs, we compared blood vessel numerical density Since the eggshell over the air cell has a relatively greater porosity, and the respiratory gas exchange ratio there is higher than at other areas of the egg, there is a correlation between all the above morphometric data and the eggshell porosity. This suggests optimization of embryonic gas exchange in the chicken egg. We would like to propose that, during natural incubation, an increased gas diffusion under the air cell, together with increased blood vessel numerical density, may compensate for covering of the central part of the eggshell by the incubating parent.

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The air space of the hen's egg and its changes during the period of incubation

Cited by 91 publications

References 1 publication

The air space and embryonic respiration

The air space and embryonic respiration

Cardiac output distribution in response to hypoxia in the chick embryo in the second half of the incubation time

Regional and developmental variations of blood vessel morphometry in the chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane

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