The global phosphorus crisis provided impetus to develop fertilisers with better P use efficiency. We tested layered double hydroxides (LDHs) as slow release fertilisers with superior performance to fertilise strongly P fixing soils. Mg-Al LDHs with varying M 2+ /M 3+ ratios were synthesised as NO 3 forms and were exchanged with HPO 4 2-. XRD and XANES spectroscopy confirmed the identity of the phosphate exchanged LDH. Decreasing the M 2+ /M 3+ ratio, i.e. increasing the anion exchange capacity, increased the selectivity of P adsorption due to the increasing charge density of the LDH layers. The fertilisation efficiency of phosphate exchanged LDH (Mg/Al ratio of 2) was compared to that of a soluble P fertiliser in two P deficient soils, an acid weathered and a calcareous soil. The P-use efficiency of P-LDH in the acid soil was up to 4.5 times higher than that of soluble P. This was likely related to a liming effect of the LDH. In the calcareous soil, the P-use efficiency at low doses was only 20 % above that of soluble P, whereas it was lower at high doses. These overall encouraging results warrant further studies on the boundary conditions under which P-LDHs may outperform traditional fertilisers.
KeywordsLayered double hydroxide (LDH), ion exchange, slow release fertiliser, phosphorus use efficiency, x-ray diffraction (XRD), x-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) P use efficiency between P-LDH fertiliser and different commercial P fertilisers, including slow release fertilisers, the boundary conditions of the P-LDH use can be better determined.
AcknowledgementsM.E. thanks IWT for a PhD fellowship and S.B. the Onderzoeksfonds KU Leuven for a the postdoctoral mandate. We are grateful to KU Leuven for support in the interdepartmental PB3 project. Also acknowledged are Ann Kristin Eriksson (SLU, Sweden) Dean Hesterberg (North Carolina State University, US) and Steve Hillier (James Hutton Institute, Aberdeen, UK) for compiling the XANES reference spectra. Wantana Klysubun and the staff at BL-8 at SLRI, Thailand are thanked for support and organization of the beamline.
Associated contentIn the supporting information, additional details of the material stability, the XANES measurement, the anion geometry, the desorption kinetics and the pot trial are provided.