The aggregate effects of multiple comorbid risk factors on cognition among HIV-infected individuals

Patel, Shreya; Thames, April D.; Arbid, Natalie; Panos, Stella E.; Castellon, Steven A.; Hinkin, Charles H.

doi:10.1080/13803395.2013.783000

Cited by 34 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 81 publications

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“…The standard neuropsychological test battery can be labor intensive and requires trained personnel to administer and evaluate it. While several rapid screening instruments have been developed that can detect cognitive decline in HIV-infected persons, there is a paucity of comparative normative data in matched non-HIV populations [ 33 , 47 , 51 , 53 , 55 , 56 , 74 – 83 ]. Demographically adjusted normative data (i.e., adjustments to scores based on the subject's age, education, and/or race) are essential for accurately assessing HAND.…”

Section: Neuropsychological Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders: The Relationship of HIV Infection with Physical and Social Comorbidities

Tedaldi

Minniti

Fischer

2015

BioMed Research International

115

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The prevalence of HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) will undoubtedly increase with the improved longevity of HIV-infected persons. HIV infection, itself, as well as multiple physiologic and psychosocial factors can contribute to cognitive impairment and neurologic complications. These comorbidities confound the diagnosis, assessment, and interventions for neurocognitive disorders. In this review, we discuss the role of several key comorbid factors that may contribute significantly to the development and progression of HIV-related neurocognitive impairment, as well as the current status of diagnostic strategies aimed at identifying HIV-infected individuals with impaired cognition and future research priorities and challenges.

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Section: Neuropsychological Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders: The Relationship of HIV Infection with Physical and Social Comorbidities

Tedaldi

Minniti

Fischer

2015

BioMed Research International

115

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“…Patients infected with HIV frequently have co-morbid conditions that may contribute to or amplify the pathogenicity of HIV, thus having an important role in the development of neurocognitive impairment (e.g. drug abuse and alcohol or infection with viral co-pathogens such as hepatitis C virus) [ 12 ].…”

Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders

et al. 2014

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Currently, neuropsychological impairment among HIV+ patients on antiretroviral therapy leads to a reduction in the quality of life and it is an important challenge due to the high prevalence of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders and its concomitant consequences in relation to morbidity and mortality- including those HIV+ patients with adequate immunological and virological status. The fact that the virus is established in CNS in the early stages and its persistence within the CNS can help us to understand HIV-related brain injury even when highly active antiretroviral therapy is effective. The rising interest in HIV associated neurocognitive disorders has let to development new diagnostic tools, improvement of the neuropsychological tests, and the use of new biomarkers and new neuroimaging techniques that can help the diagnosis. Standardization and homogenization of neurocognitive tests as well as normalizing and simplification of easily accessible tools that can identify patients with increased risk of cognitive impairment represent an urgent requirement. Future efforts should also focus on diagnostic keys and searching for useful strategies in order to decrease HIV neurotoxicity within the CNS.

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“…The invasion of the brain by the, leads to a battery of deficits including reduction in motor speed, decline in memory and concentration, CNS injury and neuropathy, which are collectively termed as HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND; Woods et al, 2009 ; Patel et al, 2013 ; Sanmarti et al, 2014 ). From a clinical perspective, HAND is strongly linked to neurological disorders namely asymptomatic neurocognitive impairment (ANI), mild neurocognitive disorder (MND), and HIV- associated Dementia (HAD)- the most severe form of HAND ( Woods et al, 2009 ; Patel et al, 2013 ; Sanmarti et al, 2014 ). The introduction and the widespread use of ART has managed to keep the prevalence of HAD in check.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…HAND affects 20–30% patients in the late stages of AIDS and is believed to be the most common cause of dementia among people aged 40 or less worldwide ( Albright et al, 2003 ; Vivithanaporn et al, 2010 ). Cognitive, motor, and behavioral dysfunctions are the key phenotypes accompanying neuronal cell injury and death that result from HIV-1 infection of the nervous system in individuals across various age groups ( Woods et al, 2009 ; Patel et al, 2013 ; Sanmarti et al, 2014 ). In adult patients, the virus-induced disruption of the nervous system includes targeted damage to regions beneath the cortex, which significantly depletes basal ganglia levels ( Aylward et al, 1993 ; Berger and Nath, 1997 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of cocaine abuse on HIV pathogenesis

et al. 2015

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Over 1.2 million people in the United States are infected with the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Tremendous progress has been made over the past three decades on many fronts in the prevention and treatment of HIV-1 disease. However, HIV-1 infection is incurable and antiretroviral drugs continue to remain the only effective treatment option for HIV infected patients. Unfortunately, only three out of ten HIV-1 infected individuals in the US have the virus under control. Thus, majority of HIV-1 infected individuals in the US are either unaware of their infection status or not connected/retained to care or are non-adherent to antiretroviral therapy (ART). This national public health crisis, as well as the ongoing global HIV/AIDS pandemic, is further exacerbated by substance abuse, which serves as a powerful cofactor at every stage of HIV/AIDS including transmission, diagnosis, pathogenesis, and treatment. Clinical studies indicate that substance abuse may increase viral load, accelerate disease progression and worsen AIDS-related mortality even among ART-adherent patients. However, confirming a direct causal link between substance abuse and HIV/AIDS in human patients remains a highly challenging endeavor. In this review we will discuss the recent and past developments in clinical and basic science research on the effects of cocaine abuse on HIV-1 pathogenesis.

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The aggregate effects of multiple comorbid risk factors on cognition among HIV-infected individuals

Cited by 34 publications

References 81 publications

HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders: The Relationship of HIV Infection with Physical and Social Comorbidities

HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders: The Relationship of HIV Infection with Physical and Social Comorbidities

HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders

Impact of cocaine abuse on HIV pathogenesis

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