The Agglutination Curve and Its Importance in the Diagnosis of Typhoid and Paratyphoid Fevers in Inoculated Persons.

Dreyer, Georges; Inman, Ashley

doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(01)28781-9

Cited by 14 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…In Table II the number of sera which show 5, 10 and 20 standard units respectively are tabulated. The official reduction-factors were used for calculating the units, and Dreyer's reduction-table (Dreyer and Inman, 1917) was made use of when no tube showed an actual reading of standard, but only readings of total or trace were available.…”

Section: Expression Of Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Agglutination of Standard Agglutinable Cultures of the Flexner-group of Dysentery Bacilli by Non-dysenteric Human Sera

Gardner

1923

Epidemiol. Infect.

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IN considering the agglutination-test for bacillary dysentery, the War Office Committee on Dysentery in 1918 decided, on the available evidence (Kruse, C. J. Martin, Andrewes and Inman, Gettings, Murray), that five strains of Flexner-Y bacilli, representing five separable, though closely related, serological types, might be taken as adequately covering the whole serological range of the species. The Vaccine Department of the R.A.M. College, Millbank, and the Standards Laboratory at Oxford accepted these findings as basis for practical work, and the latter institution proceeded to issue the five varieties of "Standard agglutinable cultures" and "Standard agglutinating sera."At that time two types only were being produced, viz. "Flexner" and Y. These strains later on were relabelled V and W respectively in the new classification. Before any standard cultures of dysentery bacilli at all were issued, an adequate number (120) of sera of healthy human adults had been tested upon standard cultures of B. Shiga and B. Flexner (later V), and a calculation of the results made it possible to fix a limit above which the agglutination by a patient's serum of any standardized suspension of these bacilli could be taken as indicating a dysentery infection. The figures thus obtained cannot be applied to work with unstandardized suspensions, for not only do different strains of one serological type differ profoundly in agglutinability, but different suspensions of the same strain show considerable variations in this respect. The "normal limit," if it is to apply to all standardized suspensions of a type, must be expressed in standard units. Each serological type must be treated as an entirely separate entity.The absolute magnitude of the reduction-factor for agglutinability of the original arbitrarily chosen standard suspension of any bacillary type may be fixed at anything one pleases. In practice it is decided by convenience. For B. Shiga and B. Flexner the size of the reduction factor of the original standard suspension was arranged so that the normal human sera should not be found

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Section: Expression Of Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…When this is done fully, the limit can be entirely dispensed with, and a diagnosis made on the same lines as in the diagnosis of enteric fever in inoculated individuals (Dreyer, Gibson and Walker, 1916;Dreyer and Inman, 1917).…”

Section: Expression Of Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Agglutination of Standard Agglutinable Cultures of the Flexner-group of Dysentery Bacilli by Non-dysenteric Human Sera

Gardner

1923

Epidemiol. Infect.

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“…The end-point of the titrations was the reciprocal of the serum dilution producing agglutination barely perceptible to the naked eye, but easily visible with a x 3 hand-lens when viewed by oblique illumination against a dark background (' standard ' agglutination). For intermediate values in the two-fold series, interpolation factors were calculated by the method of Dreyer & Inman (1917). As in the Salmonellae, H and 0 agglutination respectively were floccular and granular.…”

Section: Serological Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Serology of Fifty Strains of Proteus vulgaris

Belyavin

Miles

1951

Journal of General Microbiology

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SUMMARY: Of fifty strains of Proteus vulgaris from human infections, seven of the ' vulgaris ' and forty-three of the ' mirabilis ' fermentative type, forty-four were brought into Belyavin's phase A, which represents the modal S form of recently-isolated strains, and analysed serologically by their H and 0 antigens. Three of the six remaining strains were irreversibly R, and three were too unstable antigenically for the routine analysis.The antigens determining the somatic 0 types were resistant to heating at 9 5 O , to ethanol and to dilute HCI, treatments that destroyed the H antigens. Serologically similar 0 antigens were extracted from the bacilli by hot formamide and by ethanol precipitation of tryptic digests.As in other recent surveys of Proteus serology, the classification of strains by major 0 antigens was more clear-cut than by H antigens, though some minor 0 antigens were distributed differently from the major. The forty-four phase-A strains fell into eighteen O-antigenic types, three of these being the classical 0x2, OX19 and OXK types, strains of which were included in the survey. The H antigens of each strain were often apparently multiple, but grouping by major H antigens was broader than by 0 antigens; moreover, H antigens were often common to strains with dissimilar 0 antigens.Apart from the antigenic changes accompanying variation from phase A to phases B or C, there were suggestions of other phasic variations in both H and 0 antigens, which, if substantiated, may necessitate a reconsideration of serological classifications of the group. The three unstable strains in the collection could not be definitely assigned to any O-antigenic type.The serological study of Proteus vulgaris and closely allied microbes covers a period of fifty years. The earlier work was directed, among other things, mainly to finding a species antigen by which P. vulgaris could be identified (Wolf, 1899;Klieneberger, 1908;Cantu, 1911;van Loghem & van Loghem-Pouw, 1912;Horowitz, 1916;Bengston, 1919;Wenner & Rettger, 1919;Taylor, 1928).As a result of these investigations, it was generally conceded that P. vulgaris was antigenically heterogeneous. One type of heterogeneity in Proteus spp., the distinction of flagellar and somatic antigens, was discovered by Weil & Felix who also discovered differences in the 0 antigens of the classical strains, X19, X 2 (Weil & Felix, 1917;Weil, 1920Weil, , 1923Felix, 1923

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“…The leaflet is reproduced here. Paragraphs 1 and 2 deal with the preparation of the cultures (see also Dreyer, 1906) and the method of opacityestimation and dilution to a constant opacity (see also Dreyer and Gardner, 1916). In all opacity tests and in a large proportion of the earlier agglutination experiments I made use of graduated pipettes and dwarf test-tubes.…”

Section: Experiments With Formalized Broth Cultures Of Dysenterymentioning

confidence: 99%

The Standardization of killed Agglutinable Cultures of B. dysenteriae

Gardner

1918

Epidemiol. Infect.

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(1) Killed agglutinable broth cultures of the various dysentery bacilli may be prepared by the formalin and cold storage process and may be standardized by the method elaborated by Prof. Dreyer for the typhoid and paratyphoid bacilli.(2) Since formalin (0·1 %) usually causes a gradual loss of sensitiveness to agglutination during the early life of the emulsion, a certain period (two months) must be allowed to elapse before the emulsion can be used as standard.(3) After such a period the sensitiveness of the emulsions remains unaltered for at least ten months, and probably much longer.(4) By none of the other methods of preparation investigated could satisfactory standard agglutinable cultures be made.

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The Agglutination Curve and Its Importance in the Diagnosis of Typhoid and Paratyphoid Fevers in Inoculated Persons.

Cited by 14 publications

References 5 publications

The Agglutination of Standard Agglutinable Cultures of the Flexner-group of Dysentery Bacilli by Non-dysenteric Human Sera

The Agglutination of Standard Agglutinable Cultures of the Flexner-group of Dysentery Bacilli by Non-dysenteric Human Sera

The Serology of Fifty Strains of Proteus vulgaris

The Standardization of killed Agglutinable Cultures of B. dysenteriae

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