The Age of Entrepreneurship

Bennett, Robert J.; Smith, Harry; Lieshout, Carry van; Montebruno, Piero; Newton, Gill

doi:10.4324/9781315160375

Cited by 38 publications

(13 citation statements)

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“…The effect of age on entry to own-account traders was marginally lower than for employers, but married and widowed status had larger effects. This confirms other analyses based on crosssections of the census (Bennett et al 2019b;van Lieshout et al 2019), that own account was more accessible at most ages, was particularly available to women, especially married women, and in some sectors offered many more women a route to proprietorship that men, though this was often stimulated by necessity of increasing family income. Switching into own account was less likely from being a CFU member; i.e.…”

Section: Non-farm Proprietorssupporting

confidence: 86%

“…The digital census records in I-CeM (Schürer and Higgs 2014) give the respondent descriptor strings, but proprietors are not identified directly. They have been extracted in the I-CeMlinked database of BBCE (Bennett et al, 2020) which tags all employers in the census records with their workforce, and those operating on own account with no employees (Bennett et al 2021). The tagging assigns each response to employer, own account status using all synonyms of "employer" and "master", such as "proprietor", "partner", "owner", "landlord/landlady" of an inn, etc., and tagging anyone who stated having employees (or "workers", "hands", etc.…”

Section: Census Questions On Proprietorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In Britain the manuscript nineteenth century population census is now available in I-CeM (Schürer and Higgs 2014). The I-CeM-linked database of the British Business Census of Entrepreneurs (BBCE) codes those identifiable as business proprietors (Bennett et al 2019a(Bennett et al , 2020; resources site https://www.bbce.uk/). These data are used to give the first large-scale study tracking career changes of British business proprietors using whole-population intercensus record-linkage.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Business Entry and Exit: Career Changes of Proprietors in England and Wales (1851–81) Using Record-Linkage

et al. 2022

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The article links the digital records of individual proprietors in the manuscript censuses 1851–81 for the whole of England and Wales using the BBCE database to identify career changes of employers and own account proprietors. It investigates continuing proprietorship, entry to business from previous activity, and switching out of business. The article identifies the effects on switching of demography, gender, household relationships, sector markets, and opportunity/necessity measured by location and access to railways. Previous analysis of nineteenth-century proprietor careers has been based mainly on local case studies and large firms. This article allows examination across the spectrum of small and large businesses for a representative sample large enough to generalize to the behavior of the whole population. The analysis shows a larger proportion of flows between employer, own account, and worker status than often expected, indicating a relatively open and flexible Victorian economy, and higher than in the modern United Kingdom. Farm and nonfarm activities show contrasted patterns, with farm proprietors more stable with less switching, as to be expected. Switching appears to have slowed slightly over time, with incumbency increasing for both farm and nonfarm employers, and for both men and women, but own account proprietorship was often relatively ephemeral. The article assesses the factors influencing switching using logistic regression. This confirms age, sex, marital status, family position, location, and sector as significant for explaining switching/nonswitching. The results demonstrate that although open and flexible, proprietorship was highly varied between sectors, with changes of railway accessibility mainly significant for farmers.

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Section: Non-farm Proprietorssupporting

confidence: 86%

Section: Census Questions On Proprietorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Business Entry and Exit: Career Changes of Proprietors in England and Wales (1851–81) Using Record-Linkage

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“…They were also more likely to be business proprietors than Irish or Scottish migrants. 73 The Census data used in this article indicate the main reasons why this occurred. Immigrants tended to find it harder to get waged employment and consequently were often driven by necessity into founding businesses.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immigrant business proprietors in England and Wales (1851–1911)

2019

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This article examines the history of immigrant business proprietors in England and Wales between 1851 and 1911. The newly available electronic version of the Census (I-CeM) allows all business proprietors in each Census year to be identified, and provides birthplace information that allows entrepreneurs from different countries to be compared to each other and to business proprietors born in the United Kingdom. Immigrant populations had higher rates of business proprietorship than the English and Welsh-born population. This article argues that this was caused by labour market structure and demography rather than cultural differences between English- and foreign-born business proprietors.

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“…Rodger had to use the published census data which were only tabulated for the 'principal burghs', available for just one year and only covered employers, not self-employed sole proprietors. 18 This article uses the recently available electronic version of the individual-level census data in I-CeM, which has been extended to include coding of entrepreneurs in the BBCE; this also includes extensive data cleaning and correction of I-CeM codings. Both sources are available through the UKDA.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Entrepreneurship in Scotland, 1851–1911

Smith¹,

Bennett²,

Lieshout³

et al. 2021

J Scottish Historical Studies

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This article uses the British Business Census of Entrepreneurs (BBCE) to examine the history of entrepreneurship in nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Scotland. The BBCE identifies every business proprietor listed in the 1851–1901 Scottish censuses, correcting for non-response issues. The BBCE, therefore, allows the whole population of Scottish entrepreneurs to be examined for the first time. These data are combined with a reweighted version of the 1911 Scottish Census report to allow the trends in entrepreneurial numbers and rates to be examined as a whole and broken down by sector and gender. The article also shows how entrepreneurship varied by location. This article offers support for previous work on Scottish entrepreneurship, notably stressing the continued importance of small-scale businesses. It also reveals that female entrepreneurship rates were far higher than previously thought. This article lays the groundwork for future studies of Scottish entrepreneurship using the BBCE data.

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The Age of Entrepreneurship

Cited by 38 publications

References 0 publications

Business Entry and Exit: Career Changes of Proprietors in England and Wales (1851–81) Using Record-Linkage

Business Entry and Exit: Career Changes of Proprietors in England and Wales (1851–81) Using Record-Linkage

Immigrant business proprietors in England and Wales (1851–1911)

Entrepreneurship in Scotland, 1851–1911

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