The age again in the eye of the COVID-19 storm: evidence-based decision making

Martín, Maria Carmen; Jurado, Aurora; Abad-Molina, Cristina; Orduña, Antonio; Yarce, Oscar; Navas, Ana; Cunill, Vanesa; Escobar, Danilo; Boix, Francisco; Burillo‐Sanz, Sergio; Vegas-Sánchez, María C.; Pozas, Yesenia Jiménez-de las; Melero, Josefa; Aguilar, Marta; Sobieschi, Oana Irina; López‐Hoyos, Marcos; Ocejo-Vinyals, Gonzalo; Segundo, David San; Almeida, Delia; Medina, Silvia; Fernández, Luis Vicente Sánchez; Vergara, Esther; Quirant, Bibiana; Martínez-Cáceres, Eva; Boiges, Marc; Alonso, Marta Fuentes; Esparcia-Pinedo, Laura; López‐Sanz, Celia; Muñoz-Vico, Javier; López-Palmero, S.; Trujillo, Antonio J.; Álvarez, Paula Fernández; Prada, Álvaro; Monzón, David; Ontañón, Jesús; Marco, Francisco M.; Mora, Sergio Castro; Rojo, Ricardo; González-Martínez, Gema; Martínez-Saavedra, María Teresa; Gil-Herrera, Juana; Cantenys-Molina, Sergi; Hernández, Manuel Pérez; Perurena-Prieto, Janire; Rodríguez‐Bayona, Beatriz; Martínez, Alba; Ocaña, Esther; Molina, Juan

doi:10.1186/s12979-021-00237-w

Cited by 8 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 60 publications

(105 reference statements)

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“…Age-related features of COVID-19 cytokine profiles and immune responses have been observed by our study and in other studies [ 54 – 56 ]. We detected different levels of serum IL-6, IL-2R, albumin, D-dimer, and C-reactive protein between young and older patients (Fig.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Association between inflammatory cytokines and anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in hospitalized patients with COVID-19

Jing

Song

et al. 2022

Immun Ageing

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Background COVID-19 patients may experience “cytokine storm” when human immune system produces excessive cytokines/chemokines. However, it remains unclear whether early responses of inflammatory cytokines would lead to high or low titers of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. Methods This retrospective study enrolled a cohort of 272 hospitalized patients with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2. Laboratory assessments of serum cytokines (IL-2R, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-α), anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG/IgM antibodies, and peripheral blood biomarkers were conducted during hospitalization. Results At hospital admission, 36.4% patients were severely ill, 51.5% patients were ≥ 65 years, and 60.3% patients had comorbidities. Higher levels of IL-2R and IL-6 were observed in older patients (≥65 years). Significant differences of IL-2R (week 2 to week ≥5 from symptom onset), IL-6 (week 1 to week ≥5), IL-8 (week 2 to week ≥5), and IL-10 (week 1 to week 3) were observed between moderately-ill and severely ill patients. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG titers were significantly higher in severely ill patients than in moderately ill patients, but such difference was not observed for IgM. High titers of early-stage IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α (≤2 weeks after symptom onset) were positively correlated with high titers of late-stage IgG (≥5 weeks after symptom onset). Deaths were mostly observed in severely ill older patients (45.9%). Survival analyses revealed risk factors of patient age, baseline COVID-19 severity, and baseline IL-6 that affected survival time, especially in severely ill older patients. Conclusion Early responses of elevated cytokines such as IL-6 reflect the active immune responses, leading to high titers of IgG antibodies against COVID-19.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Association between inflammatory cytokines and anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in hospitalized patients with COVID-19

Jing

Song

et al. 2022

Immun Ageing

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“…Conversely to clinical forms of COVID-19 [14,15] neither age nor sex have an influence on the probability to develop an asymptomatic COVID-19 infection in our cohort. Several smaller seroprevalence reports from European countries support this feature [16-20].…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 69%

SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence and gender-related haematological features in asymptomatic blood donors

Martin¹,

Gonzalez²,

Holgado³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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BackgroundSeroprevalence analysis of SARS-CoV-2 is one of the keys to accurately monitor pandemics and help the authorities make health decisions and adjust the current social interventions. The aim of this study was to determine retrospective seroprevalence evolution among blood donors along prepandemic months, and the first wave in Spain. A secondary objective was to determine whether age, blood group or haematological parameters are related to recent past infection.Material and MethodsA total of 12719 donations SARS-CoV-2 from July 2019 to October 2020 were analysed. Donors were 60.9% males and their average age was 46+/-13. An automated chemiluminiscence double-antigen sandwich immunoassay for the in vitro semi quantitative detection of total antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 in human serum and plasma was performed.ResultsSeropositivity donation rate grew up from week 11 to week 21, reaching plateau by near 8% donations, sustained until week 43 when 2nd wave arose in our country. 6.7% individuals were positive by the end of 1st wave. No differences by sex age or blood group were found regarding antibodies. Lymphocyte were significantly higher in positive woman as compared to negative ones and haemoglobin were lower in positive men as compared to negative ones.DiscussionSeroprevalence due to asymptomatic cases would be equivalent to that of general population. Sex and age would not affect COVID-19 susceptibility but its severity. Gender differences are present even in asymptomatic individuals: females are possibly protected by their relative lymphocytosis and neutropenia whereas males are would be weaker as seropositive men show a decrease of haematocrit and haemoglobin. Further studies are needed to confirm these gender differences not only in severe but as well in asymptomatic cases as they can help better understand COVID19 pathogenesis and prognosis.

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“…Mature age would determine a longer antibody half-life [ 19 ]. Ageing is one of the most important determinants in COVID-19 severity [ 20 , 21 ], and it would have a role as well in humoral response keeping. The oldest patients are known to show both more severe forms of the disease and higher neutralizing activity indeed moderate correlations between age and neutralization have been reported, together with cytokine correlations [ 6 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Persistence of SARS-CoV-2 total immunoglobulins in a series of convalescent plasma and blood donors

et al. 2022

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Background The vast majority of COVID-19 cases both symptomatic and asymptomatic develop immunity after COVID-19 contagion. Whether lasting differences exist between infection and vaccination boosted immunity is yet to be known. The aim of this study was to determine how long total anti-SARS-CoV2 antibodies due to past infection persist in peripheral blood and whether sex, age or haematological features can influence their lasting. Material and methods A series of 2421 donations either of SARS-CoV-2 convalescent plasma or whole blood from 1107 repeat donors from January 2020 to March 2021 was analysed. An automated chemiluminescence immunoassay for total antibodies recognizing the nucleocapsid protein of SARS-CoV-2 in human serum and plasma was performed. Sex, age, blood group, blood cell counts and percentages and immunoglobulin concentrations were extracted from electronic recordings. Blood donation is allowed after a minimum of one-month post symptom’s relapse. Donors were 69.7% males and their average age was 46. The 250 donors who had later donations after a positive one underwent further analysis. Both qualitative (positivity) and quantitative (rise or decline of optical density regarding consecutive donations) outcomes were evaluated. Results and discussion In 97.6% of donors with follow-up, anti-SARS-CoV-2 protein N total antibodies remained positive at the end of a follow-up period of 12.4 weeks median time (1–46, SD = 9.65) after the first positive determination. The blood group was not related to antibody waning. Lower lymphocyte counts and higher neutrophils would help predict future waning or decay of antibodies. Most recovered donors maintain their total anti-SARS-CoV-2 N protein antibodies for at least 16 weeks (at least one month must have been awaited from infection resolution to blood donation). The 10 individuals that could be followed up longer than 40 weeks (approximately 44 weeks after symptom’s relapse) were all still positive.

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The age again in the eye of the COVID-19 storm: evidence-based decision making

Cited by 8 publications

References 60 publications

Association between inflammatory cytokines and anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in hospitalized patients with COVID-19

Association between inflammatory cytokines and anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in hospitalized patients with COVID-19

SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence and gender-related haematological features in asymptomatic blood donors

Persistence of SARS-CoV-2 total immunoglobulins in a series of convalescent plasma and blood donors

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