The Ag-Pb (Silver-Lead) system

Karakaya, Ishak; Thompson, W. T.

doi:10.1007/bf02869268

Cited by 44 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Ag Ag-Zr (Silver -Zirconium). The phase diagram of Ag-Zr is known partially, and it has been estimated from thermodynamic properties [9,10,105,106]. The stability of the two known phases AgZr-B11 (γ-CuTi prototype) and AgZr 2 -C11 b is confirmed by our calculation.…”

Section: Ag-y System Low Temperature Phases Comparison Chart Compositsupporting

confidence: 64%

Accuracy of ab initio methods in predicting the crystal structures of metals: A review of 80 binary alloys

Curtarolo

Morgan

Ceder

2005

Calphad

333

320

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systems in which the ab initio method predicts that no compounds are stable). A detailed comparison to experimental data confirms the high accuracy with which ab initio methods can predict ground states. A 2 B 2 hcp superstructure for RhRu, and an A 2 B 4 hcp superstructure for RhRu 2 (Appendix (XI)). In addition, we find two new crystal structures which are not superstructures of fcc, bcc or hcp: MoZr 3 and Mo 5 Ti (for Mo 5 Ti, MoZr 5 , and Nb 5 Ru) (Appendix (XII)). II. THE LIBRARY: ALLOYS AND STRUCTURESBinary alloys. Our calculated library contains 80 binary intermetallic alloys. The alloys include the binaries that can be made from row 5 transition metals, as well as some systems with Aluminum, Gold, Magnesium, Platinum, Scandium, Sodium, Titanium, and Technetium. The alloys are: AgAu, AgCd, AgMg, where the superscript * indicates the systems in which the high throughput ab initio method predicts that no compounds are stable: 57 alloys form compounds and 23 are non compound forming.Structures and their prototypes. The library contains 176 crystal structures. Many of these have the same structure type but with different compositions of occupancies, for example, AB 3 and A 3 B (also AB and BA if the point groups of atomic positions of A and B are different), so the number of distinct prototypes is 101. The various concentrations are listed in the table below.TcZr-B2 TABLE 6: Experimentally unknown, non-identified or speculated compounds and ab initio predictions (21 entries). 48 C. Experimental solid solutions, two-phases and "not studied" regions and possible ab initio predictions Experimental non-compound ⇔ ab initio compound System Experimental resultAb initio result Ag-Au short-range order 950 • C Ag 4 Au-D1a/tie-line Ag-Au short-range order 950 • C Ag 3 Au-L1 2 /D0 23 /Al 3 Pu/NbPd 3 /D0 22 /D0 24 Ag-Au short-range order 950 • C Ag 2 Au-C37/MoPt 2 Ag-Au short-range order 950 • C AgAu-L1 0 Ag-Au short-range order 950 • C AgAu 2 -C37/MoPt 2 Ag-Au short-range order 950 • C AgAu 3 -L1 2 /D0 22 /D0 23 Ag-Cd fcc solid solution Ag 3 Cd-D0 22 /D0 24

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Section: Ag-y System Low Temperature Phases Comparison Chart Compositsupporting

confidence: 64%

Accuracy of ab initio methods in predicting the crystal structures of metals: A review of 80 binary alloys

Curtarolo

Morgan

Ceder

2005

Calphad

333

320

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“…In the patio process, the many additives are a concern, notably mercury. The Pb content of mercury and cinnabar is not recorded, but given the solubility of lead, both in mercury and in silver (∼1%) (42,43), amalgamation may have altered the Pb isotope composition with respect to the original ore. In addition, lead contamination by cupellation is expected during the refinement frequently required before recoinage (44).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Isotopic Ag–Cu–Pb record of silver circulation through 16th–18th century Spain

Desaulty

Télouk²,

Albalat³

et al. 2011

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

101

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Estimating global fluxes of precious metals is key to understanding early monetary systems. This work adds silver (Ag) to the metals (Pb and Cu) used so far to trace the provenance of coinage through variations in isotopic abundances. Silver, copper, and lead isotopes were measured in 91 coins from the East Mediterranean Antiquity and Roman world, medieval western Europe, 16th-18th century Spain, Mexico, and the Andes and show a great potential for provenance studies. Pre-1492 European silver can be distinguished from Mexican and Andean metal. European silver dominated Spanish coinage until Philip III, but had, 80 y later after the reign of Philip V, been flushed from the monetary mass and replaced by Mexican silver.A particularly momentous time during the early history of modern European economy was the attempt by Hamilton (1) to demonstrate that the great Price Revolution (1520-1650) was largely fueled by the influx of American silver rather than by widespread coinage debasement and minting of the lowdenomination copper "vellón". The idea connecting silver influx to European inflation was actually proposed as far back as the16th century by the French philosopher Jean Bodin (2) and is commonplace in classical economics. Huge amounts of silver, ∼300 t annually (3-5), were mined in the Spanish Americas from the 16th to the 18th centuries. That much silver could not be absorbed locally by the American economy and therefore headed for the European market through major Spanish harbors (6), notably Seville (7), and to the Far East either directly through the Philippines or indirectly through Europe (8). The thesis that the Price Revolution in Spain was fueled by the influx of American silver has, however, become controversial in recent literature (9-11). More specifically, some authors emphasized that the arrival of American metals (ca. 1550 to ca. 1809) does not coincide with the period of inflation (ca. 1520 to ca. 1650) (9-11). Understanding silver monetary mass and circulation relies on three types of primary data: (i) the register of taxes collected when the silver bars received the royal stamp (the Quinto in Peru and the Diezmo in Mexico) (12, 13), (ii) the register of the European harbors used to import the silver shippings (1), and (iii) the compilation of contemporaneous gazettes (9). These data are imprecise or even incomplete, especially for trade registers between 1660 and 1809 (9), and do not take contraband and piracy silver into account (8,(14)(15)(16)(17). In addition, any memory of the origin of the metal is lost by recoinage, whenever silver is exported or a new king comes to power, or upon debasement. Reliable tracers of the monetary mass and exchange that can see through the destructive alterations of coinage silver therefore are needed. Over the last 30 years, lead isotope compositions of metallic ores have been collected and gathered into large databases and broadly used as a tool for provenance studies of archaeological artifacts (18)(19)(20). The main factors of provenance analysis are (i) the...

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“…The free energies of mixing derived directly from the original emf-measurements of Hager and Wilkomirski [15] yielded results which were not very different from those assessed by Karakaya and Thompson [16]. Therefore, the application of Eqs.…”

Section: Theory and Input Datamentioning

confidence: 95%

Anomalous temperature dependence of the surface tension in liquid silver–lead alloys

Terzieff

2008

Journal of Alloys and Compounds

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The Ag-Pb (Silver-Lead) system

Cited by 44 publications

References 21 publications

Accuracy of ab initio methods in predicting the crystal structures of metals: A review of 80 binary alloys

Accuracy of ab initio methods in predicting the crystal structures of metals: A review of 80 binary alloys

Isotopic Ag–Cu–Pb record of silver circulation through 16th–18th century Spain

Anomalous temperature dependence of the surface tension in liquid silver–lead alloys

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