The African American “Great Migration” and Beyond

Tolnay, Stewart E.

doi:10.1146/annurev.soc.29.010202.100009

Cited by 250 publications

(211 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…1994 ;Charles 2003;Crowder 2001;Massey and Denton 1987;South and Crowder 1997a,b;Tolnay 2003). Structural barriers are key to this relative lack of upward residential mobility (Charles 2003;Crowder et al 2012;Massey et al 1994;Tolnay 2003).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Residential Mobility Across Local Areas in the United States and the Geographic Distribution of the Healthy Population

Geronimus

Bound

2014

SSRN Journal

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Determining whether population dynamics provide competing explanations to place effects for observed geographic patterns of population health is critical for understanding health inequality. We focus on the working-age population-the period of adulthood when health disparities are greatest-and analyze detailed data on residential mobility collected for the first time in the 2000 U.S. census. Residential mobility over a five-year period is frequent and selective, with some variation by race and gender. Even so, we found little evidence that mobility biases cross-sectional snapshots of local population health. Areas undergoing large or rapid population growth or decline may be exceptions. Overall, place of residence is an important health indicator; yet, the frequency of residential mobility raises questions of interpretation from etiological or policy perspectives, complicating simple understandings that residential exposures alone explain the association between place and health. Psychosocial stressors related to contingencies of social identity associated with being black, urban, or poor in the United States may also have adverse health impacts that track with structural location even with movement across residential areas.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Residential Mobility Across Local Areas in the United States and the Geographic Distribution of the Healthy Population

Geronimus

Bound

2014

SSRN Journal

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“…Given the differential historical migration patterns for black and white people, 22,23 race-stratified analyses were conducted, adjusting for age and sex. Because of missing stroke data due to ongoing adjudication and differential retrieval of medical records, we applied multiple imputation techniques to classify potential stroke events using a logistic function predicting the likelihood that an attempted record retrieval would result in an adjudicated stroke.…”

Section: 18mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of duration and age at exposure to the Stroke Belt on incident stroke in adulthood

Howard¹,

McClure²,

Glymour³

et al. 2013

Neurology

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Objective: To assess whether there are differences in the strength of association with incident stroke for specific periods of life in the Stroke Belt (SB).Methods: The risk of stroke was studied in 24,544 black and white stroke-free participants, aged 451, in the Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke study, a national populationbased cohort enrolled [2003][2004][2005][2006][2007]. Incident stroke was defined as first occurrence of stroke over an average 5.8 years of follow-up. Residential histories (city/state) were obtained by questionnaire. SB exposure was quantified by combinations of SB birthplace and current residence and proportion of years in SB during discrete age categories (0-12, 13-18, 19-30, 31-45, last 20 years) and entire life. Proportional hazards models were used to establish association of incident stroke with indices of exposure to SB, adjusted for demographic, socioeconomic (SES), and stroke risk factors.Results: In the demographic and SES models, risk of stroke was significantly associated with proportion of life in the SB and with all other exposure periods except birth, ages 31-45, and current residence. The strongest association was for the proportion of the entire life in SB. After adjustment for risk factors, the risk of stroke remained significantly associated only with proportion of residence in SB in adolescence (hazard ratio 1.17, 95% confidence interval 1.00-1.37).Conclusions: Childhood emerged as the most important period of vulnerability to SB residence as a predictor of future stroke. Improvement in childhood health circumstances should be considered as part of long-term health improvement strategies in the SB. The Stroke Belt region (SB) in the southeastern United States has higher stroke mortality than the rest of the United States, 1,2 and national data suggest that similar regional differences exist in stroke incidence. [3][4][5][6] There are several hypothesized reasons for this but data for testing the underlying factors are limited. 2 Research to date has shown that only a portion of the higher stroke mortality can be explained by traditional risk factors.7-10 SB has been defined using state of residence at time of death. Population migration may contribute to differences in regional mortality rates but few US studies have considered the impact of population redistribution on geographic disparities in stroke incidence and mortality.11-14 Some, 12-14 but not all, 11 studies have shown that birthplace is associated with cardiovascular mortality, with individuals born in the Southeast having higher rates than those born in other regions of the United States. With respect to stroke incidence, one national study showed increased incidence of self-reported stroke associated with living in the SB during childhood. 6 It is not known whether there is a "sensitive period" for residence in the SB, i.e., a developmental period during which SB exposure has the greatest consequences for later stroke risk, or whether stroke risk accumulates with each additiona...

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“…Furthermore, genetic risks shared by black and white southerners but not African-American northerners are surprising because a large proportion of northern black families immigrated from the south from 1910 to 1970. 55 …”

Section: Future Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%