We establish a character formula for indecomposable tilting modules for connected reductive groups in characteristic ℓ in terms of ℓ-Kazhdan-Lusztig polynomials, for ℓ > h the Coxeter number. Using results of Andersen, one may deduce a character formula for simple modules if ℓ ≥ 2h − 2. Our results are a consequence of an extension to modular coefficients of a monoidal Koszul duality equivalence established by Bezrukavnikov and Yun.1.3. The Kac-Moody case and quantum groups. These ideas were later generalized by Bezrukavnikov-Yun [BY] to the case where G is replaced by a general Kac-Moody group G . Let B ⊂ G be a Borel subgroup, and let U ⊂ B be its unipotent radical. An important new idea in [BY] (also suggested in [BG]) is that a richer version of Koszul duality can be obtained if one "deforms" the categories of semisimple complexes on G /B and tilting perverse sheaves on G ∨ /B ∨ along a polynomial ring. The B-constructible semisimple complexes are thus replaced by the B-equivariant semisimple complexes, and the tilting perverse sheaves are replaced by the so-called "free-monodromic" objects constructed (via a very technical procedure) by Yun using certain pro-objects in the derived category of G ∨ /U ∨ , see [BY, Appendix A]. These deformed categories each have a monoidal structure, given by an appropriate kind of convolution product. The main result of [BY] is an equivalence of monoidal categoriesrelating B-equivariant semisimple complexes on G /B and free-monodromic tilting perverse sheaves attached to G ∨ . From this, Bezrukavnikov-Yun then deduce a Kac-Moody analogue of (1.1). As in §1.2, this result has a combinatorial motivation in terms of Kazhdan-Lusztig polynomials [Yu], and a representation-theoretic motivation in terms of analogues of the category O for Kac-Moody Lie algebras.But a third motivation for the work in [BY], specifically in the case of affine Kac-Moody groups, came from the hope of uniting two geometric approaches to the study of representations of Lusztig's quantum groups at a root of unity (see e.g. [Be, §1.2]), which we review below. Let Rep 0 (U ζ ) denote the principal block of the category of finite-dimensional representations of Lusztig's quantum group U ζ associated with an adjoint semisimple complex algebraic group G, specialized at a root of unity ζ.The first approach comes from [ABG]. The main result of [ABG, Part I] relates 3 Rep 0 (U ζ ) to the derived category of equivariant coherent sheaves on the Springer resolution N of G, denoted by D b Coh G×Gm ( N ). Then the main result of [ABG, Part II] states that D b Coh G×Gm ( N ) is equivalent to the derived category of Iwahoriconstructible perverse sheaves on the affine Grassmannian Gr of the Langlands dual semisimple group G ∨ . Together, these results give a new proof of Lusztig's character formula for simple modules in Rep 0 (U ζ ). (This character formula was already known when [ABG] appeared, by combining work of Kazhdan-Lusztig [KL2], Lusztig [Lu2] and Kashiwara-Tanisaki [KT].)For each s ∈ J, choose, once and for all, a...