The adrenal rhythm and puberty onset in the female rat

Ramaley, Judith A.

doi:10.1016/0024-3205(78)90181-9

Cited by 19 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…We con firmed earlier studies [1-4, 6, 27, 28], which had shown that in the rat serum levels of cor ticosterone increase during the light period and decrease during the dark period. Pre vious investigations had shown that the char acteristic circadian rhythm in serum cortico sterone levels develops after the first 2-3 weeks of life [4,27,28] and passes through several prepubertal adjustments before it reaches its adult pattern [28]. We made a similar observation.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 62%

“…11, 18]. The prepuber tal and pubertal period, however, is charac terized for is rapid alterations in hormonal profiles [25,26] and it has been shown that, for example, the characteristic circadian rhythm in serum corticosterone levels only develops after the first 2-3 weeks of life [4,27,28] and passes through several adjust ments before it reaches its adult pattern [28], Although differences in age and strain of experimental animals are frequently being blamed for conflicting results, the influence of these parameters on the variability of en docrine responses has seldom been studied. By strictly limiting experimental and preexperimental disturbance, and by using strictly controlled and standardized maintainance regimes, we reinvestigated the diurnal pattern of pituitary, gonadal and adrenal hor mones in the serum of male laboratory rats.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Influence of Age, Strain and Season on Orcadian Periodicity of Pituitary, Gonadal and Adrenal Hormones in the Serum of Male Laboratory Rats

Wong¹,

Döhler²,

Geerlings³

et al. 1983

Horm Res

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The influence of age, strain and season on the circadian pattern of serum levels of LH, FSH, prolactin, androgens and corticosterone was studied in five groups of male laboratory rats. Significant 24-hour periodicity was observed for serum levels of corticosterone in all five groups, for androgen levels in four, for prolactin levels in three, for LH levels in two and for FSH levels in one group of rats. There were significant influences of age, strain and season on the temporal patterns and/or on 24-hour mean serum hormone levels. The results indicate that some of the disagreements on existence or nonexistence of circadian rhythms and on rhythm patterns in serum hormone levels may be explained by the fact that animals of different ages or strains had been used or that experiments were performed at different times of the year.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 62%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Age, Strain and Season on Orcadian Periodicity of Pituitary, Gonadal and Adrenal Hormones in the Serum of Male Laboratory Rats

Wong¹,

Döhler²,

Geerlings³

et al. 1983

Horm Res

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“…Detailed reviews of adrenal endocrinology, pharmacology and mechanisms of toxicity can be found in Harvey (1996), Hinson and Raven (1999) and Rossol et al (2001). Information on the involvement of the adrenal gland and associated hormones in sexual maturation and puberty, oestrous cycles and various aspects of somatic and neurological development in rats and mice (as species and parameters assessed in various regulatory toxicology protocols) can be found in Ramaley (1978), Meijs-Roelofs and Moll (1978), Ramaley (1977), Nichols and Chevins (1981), Harvey and Chevins (1987) and Alves et al (1993).…”

Section: The Adrenal Glandmentioning

confidence: 99%

The adrenal cortex and steroidogenesis as cellular and molecular targets for toxicity: critical omissions from regulatory endocrine disrupter screening strategies for human health?

Harvey

Everett

2003

J of Applied Toxicology

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Current testing strategies to assess the endocrine disrupting properties of chemicals have omitted examination of the adrenal gland and do not adequately cover the process of steroidogenesis. Steroidogenesis is critical for adrenocortical function as well as that of the testes and ovaries, and presents multiple molecular targets for toxicity, ranging from general effects on all steroidogenic tissues (e.g. via StAR protein or CYP11A1 cholesterol side-chain cleavage) through to specific targets affecting only adrenocortical function (e.g. CYP11beta/18 and glucocorticoid synthesis). Numerous chemicals of environmental relevance are now being shown to affect adrenocortical function both in vivo in aquatic species and in vitro in human cell lines, and given the vital role of the adrenal gland to human health and development, there is a strong case for including dedicated assessment techniques in screening batteries for endocrine-disrupting chemicals, not least to assist in general data interpretation (e.g. whether adrenal hypertrophy is due to stress or to a more sinister adrenocortical insufficiency). Cell lines such as H295R (derived from a human adrenocortical adenocarcinoma) currently exist that will allow assessment of cortisol production and most of the major enzymes and functional proteins in the steroidogenic pathway (e.g. StAR; CYP11A1/scc; CYP11beta/18; CYP17; CYP19; CYP21; 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase). Adequate assessment of adrenocortical function, as with any component of the integrated endocrine system, probably also will require the development of specific in vivo methodology to include effects on hypothalamo-pituitary function. Finally, although there is currently no direct evidence that environmental exposure to endocrine-disrupting (oestrogenic) chemicals has actually caused adverse human health effects, lessons have been learned on their potential from the diethylstilboestrol case. Similar evidence exists from aminoglutethimide and etomidate on the lethal impact of unpredicted chemically induced adrenal insufficiency in sensitive human subgroups, and it would seem prudent to incorporate relevant tests for adrenal function and steroidogenesis into current regulatory validation programmes.

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“…Interestingly, RLA/Verh rats that have lighter adrenal glands show earlier development of the vaginal opening than do RHA/Verh rats with heavier adrenal glands, and the weight of the uterus in RLA/Vehr is comparatively heavier on the diestrus day of the 3rd estrous cycle [9]. Adrenal glands are involved in puberty, especially in female rats [9][10][11][12], and some cases of precocious puberty in both males and females occurred due to disorder of steroid hormone secretion from the adrenal glands [13,14]. However, no previous report has focused on the comparative aspects of male puberty in these strains that exhibit marked differences in responses to stress.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comparative Study of Puberty, and Plasma Gonadotropin and Testicular Hormone Levels in Two Inbred Strains of Hatano Rats.

Satô

Ohta

Kojima

et al. 2002

Journal of Reproduction and Development

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Abstract. We found that two inbred strains of Hatano rats bred selectively for shuttlebox avoidance responses, had different characteristics of responses to stress and adrenal function. The characteristics of male puberty, including preputial separation, sperm number, and plasma hormone levels during development, were investigated and compared between the two strains. Body weight in highavoidance (HAA) rats was consistently heavier than that in low-avoidance (LAA) rats. Although the absolute testicular weight was heavier in HAA rats than in LAA rats during the juvenile period, after the peripubertal period the inverse finding was observed. Preputial separation occurred about 7 days earlier in HAA rats than in LAA rats. The testicular and epididymal sperm head number in HAA rats was greater than that in LAA rats during the peripubertal period, but there were no differences after sexual maturation. A steep increment of plasma gonadotropin levels was observed in HAA rats, and the levels were higher in HAA rats than in LAA rats during the peripubertal period. Plasma testosterone levels began to rise at a younger age in HAA rats than in LAA rats. It was concluded that HAA males sexually mature earlier than LAA males, and that these apparent strain differences in puberty are primarily dependent on gonadotropin levels during sexual maturation.

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The adrenal rhythm and puberty onset in the female rat

Cited by 19 publications

References 31 publications

Influence of Age, Strain and Season on Orcadian Periodicity of Pituitary, Gonadal and Adrenal Hormones in the Serum of Male Laboratory Rats

Influence of Age, Strain and Season on Orcadian Periodicity of Pituitary, Gonadal and Adrenal Hormones in the Serum of Male Laboratory Rats

The adrenal cortex and steroidogenesis as cellular and molecular targets for toxicity: critical omissions from regulatory endocrine disrupter screening strategies for human health?

A Comparative Study of Puberty, and Plasma Gonadotropin and Testicular Hormone Levels in Two Inbred Strains of Hatano Rats.

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