“…Regarding the latter, particular emphasis has been placed on the idea that the imposition of burdens is a form of “policymaking by other means” (Herd & Moynihan, 2018; Madsen et al., 2022, p. 382) or a deliberate attempt to complicate the factual access to the services and benefits that people are formally entitled to (see Broom et al., 2023). Documented strategies include fiscal retrenchment and defunding implementation agencies (Herd & Moynihan, 2018), imposing complex application procedures or conditionalities (Moynihan et al., 2016), limiting access to identity documents (Heinrich, 2018), choosing how much emphasis is placed on fraud detection in enrollment procedures for social benefits (Fox et al., 2020), and even instilling fear and uncertainty to dissuade entire target groups from applying for a service (Moynihan et al., 2022).…”