The administration of education in France

Wykes, Olive

doi:10.1080/17508486009555929

Cited by 1 publication

(2 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Cumulative soil water availability, as influenced by annual rainfall in the previous year, has been suggested to affect nectar production of Proteaceae in heathland and, consequently, populations of the nectarivorous honey possum, Tarsipes rostratus ( Wooller et al 1998 ). This response was not observed in previous work on Eucalyptus in Victoria, where growth and initiation of flower buds depleted starch reserves in wet winters, whereas heavy nectar flows followed dry winters because growth was slow and starch reserves accumulated ( Wykes 1947; Porter 1978).…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 79%

“…Second, our assessment of resource abundance for nectarivores depends on a close relationship between flowering and nectar/pollen production. Such a relationship is notoriously unreliable among eucalypts ( Wykes 1947; Porter 1978). While descriptions of flowering patterns among eucalypts are obviously important when considering resource availability for nectarivores, collection of data on nectar and pollen production under drought, or disturbed regimes, or over different sites remains a high priority.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Flowering phenology of myrtaceous trees and their relation to climatic, environmental and disturbance variables in northern New South Wales

Law¹,

Mackowski²,

Schoer³

et al. 2000

Austral Ecology

126

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Patterns of flowering phenology, which represent a partial description of food availability for nectarivores, are described for 20 species of myrtaceous trees on the mid‐north coast of New South Wales (NSW), Australia. Data were recorded monthly between 1982 and 1992 across 23 sites that comprise a variety of local environmental conditions and disturbance histories. Flowering periodicity and intensity were highly variable between species and sites, ranging from annual flowering to no flowering over the 10‐year period. Cool temperatures prior to floral budding was a strong predictor of flowering for nine species. Extraordinary climatic events also influenced flowering. The period of greatest flowering for all species combined occurred 9 months after the highest monthly rainfall recorded in the survey (March 1985). An 18‐month extreme drought led to poor flowering in Corymbia variegata, Eucalyptus acmenoides, Eucalyptus grandis and Eucalyptus resinifera, but recovery after the drought broke was rapid. In contrast to climate, few site‐based environmental variables explained the intersite variation in flowering performance of the tree species. Site disturbance from logging at two sites during the survey did not influence flowering in the remaining canopy over following years. No species showed a negative correlation with a history of recent logging, and direct comparisons, between large‐ and medium‐sized trees, of the percentage of foliage in flower showed no differences for any species. At the scale of a timber production forest, the negligible effect of tree size (if >10 cm diameter at breast height over bark), and high stem density resulting from selective logging, leave about half of the net harvestable area producing flowers at a similar density to unlogged forest. However, larger trees flowered more frequently than medium‐sized trees in C. variegata (medium: every 5.9 years; large: every 2.3 years) and there was a trend in this direction for 13 of 17 species. Low‐intensity burns and wildfires caused differing amounts of crown scorch, sometimes resulting in bud loss, but most species flowered at prefire levels 1–3 years after the disturbance. Eucalyptus microcorys and Angophora costata flowered poorly at sites that experienced frequent low‐intensity burns. Regionally, blossom shortages occur through a combination of spatial and temporal patchiness in flowering and the clearing of those species that occurred on soils preferred for agriculture. On the north coast of NSW, these shortages commonly occur from late winter to spring. Species that flower reliably in this period include Eucalyptus robusta, Eucalyptus tereticornis and Eucalyptus siderophloia in late winter and E. siderophloia and E. acmenoides in spring.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 79%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%