The adjustable synergistic effects between acid–base coupling bifunctional ionic liquid extractants for rare earth separation

Sun, Xiaoqi; Waters, Kristian E.

doi:10.1002/aic.14563

Cited by 45 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…9,16 ABC-BIL extractants can not only reveal inner synergistic effects, but recently the synergistic effect between different ABC-BIL extractants were reported. 18 As further demonstrated in the current work, a synergistic effect with a molecular extractant, such as TRPO, can be revealed. To the authors' knowledge, this study is the first to report on synergistic extraction concerning bifunctional ionic liquid extractants and a molecular extractant, which contribute to the theoretical investigation and potential industrial application of ionic liquids in f-block element separation for REEs hydrometallurgy and potentially for the NFC.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 76%

“…Accordingly, the synergistic effects from PO bonds in the mixed ABC-BILs are greater than those of mixed HDEHP and HEH [EHP]. 18 Under the same extraction conditions, most According to the U.S. Department of Energy, short and medium-term criticality matrices, 1 the middle REEs and heavy REEs (such as Eu 3+ , Dy 3+ , Nd 3+ ), are far more important than light REEs (such as La 3+ ) due to the current supply risk and importance to clean energy. Accordingly, the development of an effective extraction system for separating middle and heavy REEs from light REEs is very important.…”

Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The electronegativity of the ester group contributed to the coordination of the PO band with REEs. 18 For this extraction condition, TRPO revealed low distribution coefficients for all the lanthanides. Interestingly, distribution coefficients of the mixed ABC-BILs and TRPO were greater than those of individual extractants for almost all the lanthanides, except for La 3+ , and even greater than the sum of distribution coefficients from contributions of individual extractants.…”

Section: ■ Materials and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Synergistic Effect between Bifunctional Ionic Liquids and a Molecular Extractant for Lanthanide Separation

Sun

Waters

2014

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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A novel form of synergistic extraction using both ionic liquid extractants and a molecular extractant is reported. The molecular extractant (TRPO, a mixture of four trialkylphosphine oxides) and anion precursors of the ionic liquid extractants (HDEHP and HEH [EHP]) are the most commonly used industrial extractants for f-block element separation. Development of acid−base coupling bifunctional ionic liquids (ABC-BILs) for rare earth elements (REEs) separation offers a promising strategy to reduce the millions of tons of industrial saponification wastewater that are produced annually. The synergistic effects of the ABC-BILs with TRPO contributed to increased extractabilities and selectivities of middle and heavy lanthanides, revealing theoretical importance and engineering potential in REEs separation. ■ INTRODUCTIONRare earth elements (REEs) are critical elements, vital to many cutting-edge technology products. The economic impact of the growing scarcity of REEs has been the reason for the United States and the European Union to address their strategic positions on the criticality of these elements. 1 The nuclear fuel cycle (NFC) is an important process in nuclear power. The lessons from the Fukushima accident reveal that the disposal of spent nuclear fuel is crucial for the safety and development of nuclear power. 2 Due to the importance of REEs and the NFC, it would be highly desirable to develop effective methods for the separation of individual f-block elements, that is, lanthanides and actinides. Such separation is challenging because the chemical properties of f-block elements are quite similar. Solvent extraction is one, possibly the most effective, technology for separating f-block elements in the REEs 3 and NFC 4 industries. The advantage of solvent extraction lies in its simple operation, high treatment capacity, quick reaction rate, and good separating effect. Among the research being conducted into solvent extraction, synergistic extraction is an attractive topic. Using the synergistic effect of two extractants, the distribution ratios of their mixture may be different to the sum of their individual contributions. When the combined distribution ratio is greater than the sum of the individual ones, the synergistic effect is termed a positive synergistic effect. Conversely, when it is lower, it is a negative synergistic effect. Because of the importance in fundamental research and industrial application, significant effort has been devoted to the study of synergistic extraction over the past decades. 5−7 However, no synergistic extractions concerning functional ionic liquid extractants and molecular extractants have as yet been published.Ionic liquid (IL)-based extraction is a novel form of solvent extraction that applies ILs instead of VOCs as diluents and/or extractants. Ionic liquids are salts, generally in a liquid form below 100°C. Some applications of ILs have been developed and applied at industrial scales. 8 The sustainable properties of ILs make them particularly suitable for solvent extraction, ...

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Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 76%

Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: ■ Materials and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Synergistic Effect between Bifunctional Ionic Liquids and a Molecular Extractant for Lanthanide Separation

Sun

Waters

2014

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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“…It thus can provide ion pairs with negatively charged species or can also be adsorbed on negatively charged surfaces [83]. An inner synergistic effect is not unlikely to explain the uptake of ionic liquid cations by bastnäsite in a manner akin to REE liquid-liquid extractions [43,47,48]. On the basis of XPS detected N- 15.…”

Section: Il Collector Conformation On Bastnäsite and Monazite Surfacesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ionic-liquid collectors for rare-earth minerals flotation⿿Case of tetrabutylammonium bis(2-ethylhexyl)-phosphate for monazite and bastnäsite recovery

Azizi

Larachi

Latifi

2016

Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspect

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“…The development of ABC-BIL offers a promising strategy to avoid the million tons of saponification wastewater from industrial extractants. 9 Very recently, Sun et al 19 studied the synergistic extraction produced by seven different combinations of acid-base coupling bifunctional ionic liquids (ABC-BILs) in heptane for REEs separation. The ABC-BILs mentioned above were ammonium type ILs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reversed micelle synergistic extraction from phosphonium ionic liquid extractants in diluent for rare earth

et al. 2016

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The first synergistic extraction between quaternary phosphonium type ionic liquid extractants in toluene for rare earth was reported in this article. There were two different ion-association mechanisms in the synergistic extraction system. The formed reversed micelles contributed to increase extractability of the synergistic extraction system to a considerable extent. On the one hand, million tons of saponification wastewater from acidic extractants may be avoided by developing the extraction system using bifunctional ionic liquid extractants. On the other hand, the novel synergistic extraction offers an effective strategy to increase the extractabilities of industrial extractants. This article reveals sustainable and efficient potentials for industrial rare earth separation.

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The adjustable synergistic effects between acid–base coupling bifunctional ionic liquid extractants for rare earth separation

Cited by 45 publications

References 40 publications

Synergistic Effect between Bifunctional Ionic Liquids and a Molecular Extractant for Lanthanide Separation

Synergistic Effect between Bifunctional Ionic Liquids and a Molecular Extractant for Lanthanide Separation

Ionic-liquid collectors for rare-earth minerals flotation⿿Case of tetrabutylammonium bis(2-ethylhexyl)-phosphate for monazite and bastnäsite recovery

Reversed micelle synergistic extraction from phosphonium ionic liquid extractants in diluent for rare earth

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