The “Adipo-Cerebral” Dialogue in Childhood Obesity: Focus on Growth and Puberty. Physiopathological and Nutritional Aspects

Bruno, Carmine; Vergani, Edoardo; Giusti, Michele; Oliva, Alessandro; Cipolla, Clelia; Pitocco, Dario; Mancini, Antonio

doi:10.3390/nu13103434

Cited by 9 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 204 publications

(248 reference statements)

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“…High fat intake can cause elevated leptin levels and even leptin resistance [ 73 ]. Leptin stimulates GnRH secretion via the regulation of Kisspeptin neurons [ 74 ], followed by accelerated puberty startup. High fat intake also initiates early puberty by inducing obesity [ 75 , 76 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diet and Nutrients Intakes during Infancy and Childhood in Relation to Early Puberty: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Tang

Xue

Huang³

et al. 2022

Nutrients

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The onset of puberty has become earlier over the decades, and nutrients and diet are related to the timing of puberty onset. Hence, we aimed to investigate the association between diet or nutrients in infancy, childhood and early puberty. PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane library were searched systematically up to 15 April 2022. The pooled relative risks (RRs) or regression coefficients (beta) were estimated using the random-effect model or fixed-effect model according to the heterogeneity between studies. Twenty-two articles on diet or nutrients in childhood and six about breastfeeding in infancy were included. The prolonged breastfeeding duration in infancy could reduce the risk of early menarche (beta 0.31, 95% CI: 0.01, 0.60, p = 0.045). The high intake of yogurt was associated with a 35% reduction in the risk of earlier menarche (RR 0.65, 95% CI: 0.47, 0.89, p = 0.008). Girls with severe food insecurity experienced later menarche (RR 0.81, 95% CI: 0.67, 0.98, p = 0.027). Conversely, due to the high intake of protein, the risk of early menarche increased by 8% (RR 1.08, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.16, p = 0.016). High intake of yogurt, longer duration of breastfeeding, and food insecurity decreased the possibility of earlier menarche, while high intake of protein increased that risk. As a modifiable factor, diet and nutrients in infancy and childhood provide new insights into the future prevention of early puberty.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diet and Nutrients Intakes during Infancy and Childhood in Relation to Early Puberty: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Tang

Xue

Huang³

et al. 2022

Nutrients

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“…In adulthood, hypertriglyceridemia, hyperglycemia, hypertension, and increased waist circumference, which in turn is related to insulin resistance (IR), are some of the criteria used to define the MetS. However, criteria for establishing the diagnosis of MetS in childhood have not yet been clearly defined ( 2 , 3 ), although both fatty liver and increased intima thickness have been described already in overweight children ( 4 , 5 ). The need to shed light on the MetS in childhood has led to the identification of some peptides whose serum levels are closely related to the development of IR ( 2 , 6 – 8 ), including neudesin.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plasma Levels of Neudesin and Glucose Metabolism in Obese and Overweight Children

et al. 2022

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Childhood overweight and obesity are among the major health problems of modern times, especially in Western countries, due to their association with increased cardiovascular and cancer risk in adulthood. Neudesin, a recently discovered peptide secreted mainly in the brain and adipose tissue, is being investigated for its possible activity as a negative regulator of energy expenditure. We conducted a cross-sectional observational preliminary study with the aim of testing the hypothesis that plasma levels of neudesin can be modified in obese and overweight children and to evaluate any possible relationship between plasma neudesin levels and metabolic and anthropometric parameters. 34 Children (Tanner’s stage 1) were included and divided in two groups according to Cole’s criteria. Group A included obese and overweight children (23 patients, 17 females and 6 males, aged 4-10 years); Group B included healthy normal-weight children (11 subjects, 7 females and 4 males, aged 3-10 years). Metabolic (glucose and insulin, total, LDL- and HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, uric acid) and hormonal (fT3, fT4, TSH, IGF-1, leptin) parameters were evaluated. HOMA-IR and QUICKI index and the area under the curve (AUC) of glucose and insulin after oral glucose load were calculated in obese and overweight children. Neudesin was measured by ELISA. Neudesin levels were significantly higher in obese/overweight children than in controls. In obese and overweight children, plasma neudesin levels were significantly directly correlated with blood glucose and glucose AUC. Taken together, these results, although preliminary, may suggest a possible age-related role of neudesin in glucose homeostasis in obese/overweight children.

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“…DXA is reported to be the best currently available technique for measuring body composition ( 13 , 14 ); however, LBM data may not be accurate because DXA cannot distinguish between body cell mass and water ( 32 – 34 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In a review of adult data, Berryman and colleagues pointed out that clinical trials with a total number of 982 obese subjects have demonstrated consistent reductions in FM, primarily visceral adipose tissue, without weight-reducing effects, in response to rhGH administration ( 55 ). GH secretion, both in the basal condition and after stimulation tests, is blunted in obesity ( 34 ). Low levels of GH are associated with altered body composition and cardiovascular risk factors ( 34 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The influence of growth hormone on pediatric body composition: A systematic review

Ferruzzi

Vrech²,

Pietrobelli³

et al. 2023

Front. Endocrinol.

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BackgroundGrowth hormone (GH) affects metabolism and regulates growth in childhood. The most prominent feature of GH deficiency (GHD) in children is diminished height velocity that eventually leads to short stature. In adult-onset GHD, lean body mass (LBM) is reduced, and visceral fat mass (FM) increased. Beneficial effects of GH treatment on body composition in adults with GHD, including an increase in muscle mass and a decrease in FM, are well established. Relatively few studies have investigated the effects of GH treatment on the body composition of pediatric patients with idiopathic or hypothalamic-pituitary disease-associated GH deficiency. This systematic review aimed to summarize available evidence relating to the effects of GH treatment on body composition in children with GHD.MethodsThe PubMed, Science Direct, Cochrane Trials, and Embase databases, were searched with keywords including “GH”, “body composition”, “children”, and “growth hormone” for English-language articles, published between January 1999 and March 2021. Two reviewers independently evaluated the search results and identified studies for inclusion based on the following criteria: participants had a confirmed diagnosis of GHD (as defined in each study); participants were pediatric patients who were receiving GH or had stopped GH treatment, regardless of whether they were pre- or post-pubertal; the intervention was recombinant human GH (rhGH; somatropin); and outcomes included changes in body composition during or after stopping GH therapy. Data extracted from each study included study quality, study sample characteristics, study interventions, and body composition. Data on fat-free mass and LBM were combined into a single category of LBM.ResultsSixteen studies reporting changes in body composition (i.e., FM and LBM) associated with GH treatment in children with GHD were identified and included in the review. Collectively, these studies demonstrated that FM decreased, and LBM increased in response to GH replacement therapy.ConclusionDespite study limitations (i.e., potential effects of diet and physical activity were not considered), we concluded that a periodic body composition assessment is required to ensure that a satisfactory body composition is achieved during GH replacement therapy in children with GHD.

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The “Adipo-Cerebral” Dialogue in Childhood Obesity: Focus on Growth and Puberty. Physiopathological and Nutritional Aspects

Cited by 9 publications

References 204 publications

Diet and Nutrients Intakes during Infancy and Childhood in Relation to Early Puberty: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Diet and Nutrients Intakes during Infancy and Childhood in Relation to Early Puberty: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Plasma Levels of Neudesin and Glucose Metabolism in Obese and Overweight Children

The influence of growth hormone on pediatric body composition: A systematic review

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