The Adenohypophysis

Labhart, A.

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-96158-8_5

Cited by 2 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 248 publications

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“…An anterior pituitary gland less than 2.5 mm high was con¬ sidered small, as in the normal short children its heigh , was between 3.1 and 5.8 mm (mean 4.1 ±0.2 mm). The size of the pituitary stalk and the pituitary gland in the normal short children did not differ from that reported in adult subjects (15)(16)(17)(18)(19).…”

Section: Methodscontrasting

confidence: 50%

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The relation between pituitary magnetic resonance imaging findings and GH, TSH, PRL dynamics in patients with idiopathic GH deficiency

Hanew

Utsumi²,

Sugawara³

et al. 1991

Acta Endocrinologica

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The relation between pituitary magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings and anterior pituitary function was studied in 36 patients with classic idiopathic GH deficiency. These patients were divided into three groups based on MRI findings which were compared with those of 14 normal short children; i.e. normal stalk (N=6), narrowed stalk (N=20), and transected stalk (N=10). The transected and narrowed stalk groups showed significantly delayed TSH responses to TRH compared with the normal stalk group and with the normal short children. Further, the mean maximal TSH increment in the narrowed and transected stalk group was slightly greater than that in normal short children. In contrast, there were no differences in basal plasma GH and PRL levels and their responses to GHRH and TRH among the three groups. When the patients were divided into normal anterior pituitary and atrophic pituitary groups regardless of stalk changes or when they were divided into groups of stalk changes (narrowing and transection) with and without pituitary atrophy, no differences in GH, TSH and PRL dynamics between the groups were observed. These results indicate that pituitary thyrotrope functions, but not somatotrope and lactotrope functions, in patients with idiopathic GH deficiency are more closely correlated to stalk changes than to anterior pituitary changes observed on MRI.Recently it has been reported that patients with idiopathic GH deficiency frequently show pituitary atrophy and transection of the pituitary stalk on This work was partly supported by a grant from the In¬ tractable Disease Division, Public Health Bureau, Min¬ istry of Health and Welfare, Japan. magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (1,2). Kikuchi et al. observed stalk transection in all 12 patients i with idiopathic GH deficiency using MRI (2). They divided these patients into two groups, one with a normal anterior pituitary gland and the other with a atrophie pituitary gland, but did not find any difference in GH, TSH and PRL responses to GHRH and TRH between the two groups.Patients with idiopathic GH deficiency, however, do not always show complete stalk transection, but often show narrowing of the stalk (3) and less fre¬ quently a normal stalk. The hypothalamus regu¬ lates pituitary functions through the pituitary stalk, and stalk lesion exerts serious effects on pituitary function (4-6). It is well known that patients with hypothalamic lesions have elevated basal PRL levels, and often show delayed and prolonged TSH and PRL responses to TRH administration (7-13).To elucidate which lesion (i.e. pituitary stalk or an¬ terior pituitary) is related to pituitary dysfunction, we divided patients with idiopathic GH deficiency in three different ways on the basis of MRI findings and compared these findings with those of normal short children, first: patients with a normal pitu¬ itary stalk, narrowed stalk, and transected stalk; second: patients with a normal anterior pituitary gland and with an atrophie anterior pituitary gland regardless of stalk changes; and third: patient...

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Section: Methodscontrasting

confidence: 50%

“…Adrenal function was normal in all patients, as was thyroid function except in 2 patients (No. 16 and 32) at the time of diagnosis. Mild hypothyroidism (lowering of T4 level) was observed during hGH treatment in other 11 patients and they re¬ ceived small doses of thyroxine (Table 1).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The relation between pituitary magnetic resonance imaging findings and GH, TSH, PRL dynamics in patients with idiopathic GH deficiency

Hanew

Utsumi²,

Sugawara³

et al. 1991

Acta Endocrinologica

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“…Sex hormones were found to modulate hippocampal NMDAR expression in mice and interact with circulating antioxidants in human blood . Of note, benzoic acid ester of estrone, a precursor of estradiol, showed prolonged duration of action; moreover, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, a phenolic derivative of benzoic acid, and other alkyl hydroxy benzoate preservatives displayed estrogenic effects from in vitro and in vivo studies . Of note, sodium benzoate treatment did not significantly change estradiol or FSH, and the minor differences in the ratio was too small to have any clinical value.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Sodium Benzoate on Cognitive Function Among Patients With Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia

et al. 2021

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IMPORTANCE Female gender is a major risk factor for dementia; however, gender has not yet been adequately addressed by clinical trials. A recent study demonstrated that sodium benzoate, a D-amino acid oxidase inhibitor, improved cognitive function in early-phase Alzheimer disease.OBJECTIVE To examine the potential gender difference in the effects of benzoate treatment on the behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD). DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTSThis post hoc secondary analysis used data from a randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled trial conducted in 3 major medical centers in Taiwan and enrolled 97 patients with BPSD. Data were analyzed between February 2014 and November 2017. INTERVENTIONS Six weeks of treatment of 250 to 1500 mg/d of sodium benzoate or placebo. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary outcome measures were Alzheimer disease assessment scale-cognitive subscale (ADAS-cog) and Behavioral Pathology in Alzheimer Disease Rating Scale (BEHAVE-AD) scores. RESULTS Among 97 total participants (62 [64%] women; mean [SD] age, 75.4 [7.7] years), 49patients (30 women and 19 men) were randomized to sodium benzoate, and 48 (32 women and 16 men) were randomized to placebo. Among 62 women, 6-week benzoate treatment significantly surpassed placebo in the effects on ADAS-cog performance (mean [SD] difference in score between baseline and end point, −3.1 [6.4] points vs 0 [4.5] points; Cohen d = 0.56; P = .04) but not BEHAVE-AD performance. In contrast, among 35 men, the 2 treatment groups did not differ significantly in both ADAS-cog and BEHAVE-AD scores. Compared with placebo, benzoate treatment also increased estradiol to follicle-stimulating hormone ratios among women (mean [SD] difference between baseline and end point, 0 [0.2] vs −0.1 [0.3]; P = .03). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCEThese findings suggest that benzoate treatment may improve cognitive function in women with later-phase dementia. In the future, longer dose-finding trials are warranted to further clarify the efficacy of benzoate for later-phase dementia and investigate the role of sex hormones and other factors in the pathogenesis of dementia. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02103673

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The Adenohypophysis

Cited by 2 publications

References 248 publications

The relation between pituitary magnetic resonance imaging findings and GH, TSH, PRL dynamics in patients with idiopathic GH deficiency

The relation between pituitary magnetic resonance imaging findings and GH, TSH, PRL dynamics in patients with idiopathic GH deficiency

Effect of Sodium Benzoate on Cognitive Function Among Patients With Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia

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