The addition of depression to the Framingham Risk Equation model for predicting coronary heart disease risk in women

Abstract

The addition of a depression variable to the FRE equation improves the overall accuracy of the model for predicting 10-year CHD events in women, however may over-estimate the number of events that actually occur. This model now requires validation in larger samples as it could form a new CHD risk equation for women.

Prognostic value of exercise capacity among patients with treated depression: The Henry Ford Exercise Testing (FIT) Project

“…Depression is one of the important risk factors of CHD (HR for CHD mortality for depression: 2.33, 95% CI: 1.47–3.70), independent of other cardiac risk factors . The addition of depression as a risk factor to the Framingham risk score among individuals free of CAD at baseline improved the accuracy to predict CHD . Recent data suggested that exercise, either as monotherapy or in combination with antidepressant medication, was associated with decreased relapse rate, depending on the depression severity and associated symptoms .…”

“…[22][23][24] The addition of depression as a risk factor to the Framingham risk score among individuals free of CAD at baseline improved the accuracy to predict CHD. 25 Recent data suggested that exercise, either as monotherapy or in combination with antidepressant medication, was associated with decreased relapse rate, depending on the depression severity and associated symptoms. [26][27][28] Though some studies focused on exercise monotherapy, [29][30][31][32] others evaluated exercise as an adjuvant therapy to medical treatment.…”

Association of the Interaction Between Smoking and Depressive Symptom Clusters With Coronary Artery Calcification: The CARDIA Study

“…With growing evidence that depression may be an independent risk factor for CVD (Brunner et al, 2014; Nicholson et al, 2006; O’Neil, Fisher, Kibbey, Jacka, Kotowicz, Williams, Stuart, Berk, Lewandowski, Taylor, et al, 2016), further clarification of the nature of this relationship with the risk factors, such as smoking, is needed. Likewise, identification and clarification of the facets of depressive symptomatology (including the timing, severity, and symptom clusters) that are particularly relevant for CVD will be useful for risk prediction and targeted interventions.…”

“…Mounting evidence indicates that depression may be a risk factor for incident CVD (Nicholson, Kuper, & Hemingway, 2006; O’Neil, Fisher, Kibbey, Jacka, Kotowicz, Williams, Stuart, Berk, Lewandowski, Taylor, et al, 2016). Recently, researchers demonstrated that adding baseline depression to the Framingham Risk Score produced modest but significant improvements in the prediction of cardiac events among women over 18 years of follow-up (O’Neil, Fisher, Kibbey, Jacka, Kotowicz, Williams, Stuart, Berk, Lewandowski, Atherton, et al, 2016). …”

Adolescence and depression: reducing cardiovascular disease through preventive health checks

“…While many studies have outlined the relationship between cardiovascular disease (CVD) and depression in adults, only recently have researchers begun to question and identify whether depression in adolescence contributes to early markers of CVD as well. The bidirectional relationship between depression and CVD in adults results in higher rates of myocardial infarction (MI), increased mortality, and poor cardiovascular health due to cardiomyopathy and coronary artery disease (Elderon & Whooley, 2013;Miller et al, 2007;O'Neil et al, 2016b;Smolderen et al, 2015). As a result, there is an increased burden of CVD in healthcare, making it prudent to understand not only the traditional and nontraditional contributory risk factors but also the physiologic changes these factors cause and when in the course of illness these changes occur.…”