The Adaptive Gain Integrating Pixel Detector at the European XFEL

Allahgholi, A.; Becker, Julian; Delfs, A.; Dinapoli, R.; Goettlicher, P.; Greiffenberg, D.; Henrich, B.; Hirsemann, H.; Kuhn, Manuela; Klanner, R.; Klyuev, A.; Krueger, Hans; Lange, S.; Laurus, Torsten; Marras, A.; Mezza, D.; Mozzanica, A.; Niemann, M.; Poehlsen, J.; Schwandt, Joern; Sheviakov, I.; Shi, X.; Smoljanin, S.; Steffen, Lothar; Sztuk-Dambietz, J.; Trunk, U.; Xia, Q.; Zeribi, Mourad; Zhang, Jiaguo; Zimmer, M.; Schmitt, B.; Graafsma, H.

doi:10.1107/s1600577518016077

Cited by 95 publications

(96 citation statements)

References 20 publications

(23 reference statements)

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“…We further note that aqueous droplet volumes were always large enough to form a continuous liquid element in the jet, adequate to span the time of the~30 µs long pulse train (32 pulses repeating at 1.1 MHz in each train). The sample was hit by the X-rays in the vacuum chamber and diffraction data was collected with the AGIPD detector 46 (see "Methods" section for details). Furthermore, we emphasize that the jets created through the glass GDVN both for the segmented flow and the continuously injected sample were fast enough for the 1.1 MHz pulse frequency within a train.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Segmented flow generator for serial crystallography at the European X-ray free electron laser

et al. 2020

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Serial femtosecond crystallography (SFX) with X-ray free electron lasers (XFELs) allows structure determination of membrane proteins and time-resolved crystallography. Common liquid sample delivery continuously jets the protein crystal suspension into the path of the XFEL, wasting a vast amount of sample due to the pulsed nature of all current XFEL sources. The European XFEL (EuXFEL) delivers femtosecond (fs) X-ray pulses in trains spaced 100 ms apart whereas pulses within trains are currently separated by 889 ns. Therefore, continuous sample delivery via fast jets wastes >99% of sample. Here, we introduce a microfluidic device delivering crystal laden droplets segmented with an immiscible oil reducing sample waste and demonstrate droplet injection at the EuXFEL compatible with high pressure liquid delivery of an SFX experiment. While achieving ~60% reduction in sample waste, we determine the structure of the enzyme 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate-8-phosphate synthase from microcrystals delivered in droplets revealing distinct structural features not previously reported.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Segmented flow generator for serial crystallography at the European X-ray free electron laser

et al. 2020

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“…The high X-ray pulse repetition rates can be very beneficial for a mix-and-inject experiment, as discussed below. An X-ray detector, the Adaptive Gain Integrating Pixel Detector (AGIPD) [61,62], which works with MHz frame rates, was developed. For the first user-supported experiment at the EuXFEL in the fall of 2017, only 15 X-ray pulses were in a train [63].…”

Section: High Repetition Rate Xfelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reaction Initiation in Enzyme Crystals by Diffusion of Substrate

Schmidt

2020

Crystals

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Ever since the first structure of an enzyme, lysozyme, was solved, scientists have been eager to explore how these molecules perform their catalytic function. There has been an overwhelmingly large body of publications that report the X-ray structures of enzymes determined after substrate and ligand binding. None of them truly show the structures of an enzyme working freely through a sequence of events that range from the formation of the enzyme–substrate complex to the dissociation of the product. The technical difficulties were too severe. By 1969, Sluyterman and de Graaf had pointed out that there might be a way to start a reaction in an enzyme crystal by diffusion and following its catalytic cycle in its entirety with crystallographic methods. The crystal only has to be thin enough so that the diffusion is not rate limiting. Of course, the key questions are as follows: How thin should the crystal be? Will the existing X-ray sources be able to collect data from a thin enough crystal fast enough? This review shines light on these questions.

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“…AGIPD [7,8,9,10] is a hybrid pixel detector, developed by DESY, the Paul Scherrer Institute and the Universities of Bonn and Hamburg to meet the requirements for the use at the European XFEL. It consists of 500 µm thick Silicon sensors, manufactured by SINTEF, Hamamatsu and ADCVACAM, to provide a high efficiency (QE ≥ 98%) up to 12.4 keV photon energy.…”

Section: The Agipd Detectormentioning

confidence: 99%

“…6 The minimum distance of the individual sensor tiles are 0.4 mm in horizontal and 3.4 mm in vertical direction respectively. 7 The AGIPD 1 Mpixel detector for the HIBEF endstation features a different layout…”

Section: The Agipd Detectormentioning

confidence: 99%

Megapixels @ Megahertz – The AGIPD high-speed cameras for the European XFEL

Allahgholi

Becker

Delfs

et al. 2019

Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A:

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The European XFEL is an extremely brilliant Free Electron Laser Source with a very demanding pulse structure: trains of 2700 X-Ray pulses are repeated at 10 Hz. The pulses inside the train are spaced by 220 ns and each one contains up to 10 12 photons of 12.4 keV, while being ≤ 100 fs in length. AGIPD, the Adaptive Gain Integrating Pixel Detector, is a hybrid pixel detector developed by DESY, PSI, and the Universities of Bonn and Hamburg to cope with these properties.It is a fast, low noise integrating detector, with single photon sensitivity (for E γ 6 keV) and a large dynamic range, up to 10 4 photons at 12.4 keV. This is achieved with a charge sensitive amplifier with 3 adaptively selected gains per pixel. 352 images can be recorded at up to 6.5 MHz and stored in the in-pixel analogue memory and read out between pulse trains. The core component of this detector is the AGIPD ASIC, which consists of 64 × 64 pixels of 200 µm × 200 µm. Control of the ASIC's image acquisition and analogue readout is via a command based interface. FPGA based electronic boards, controlling ASIC operation, image digitisation and 10 GE data transmission interface AGIPD detectors to DAQ and control systems.An AGIPD 1 Mpixel detector has been installed at the SPB 1 experimental station in August 2017, while a second one is currently commissioned for the MID 2 endstation. A larger (4 Mpixel) AGIPD detector and one to employ Hi-Z sensor material to efficiently register photons up to E γ ≈ 25 keV are currently under construction.

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The Adaptive Gain Integrating Pixel Detector at the European XFEL

Abstract: A description of the 1 million pixel AGIPD system in use at the SPB beamline of the European XFEL is given.

Cited by 95 publications

References 20 publications

Segmented flow generator for serial crystallography at the European X-ray free electron laser

Segmented flow generator for serial crystallography at the European X-ray free electron laser

Reaction Initiation in Enzyme Crystals by Diffusion of Substrate

Megapixels @ Megahertz – The AGIPD high-speed cameras for the European XFEL

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