“…Zhou and Stynes [14] constructed a class of BBVM for linear neutral Volterra integro-differential equations, Yan et al [15] extended the BBVM for solving numerically the nonlinear delay-differential-algebraic equations, Zhang and Yan [16] used the BBVM to find approximate solutions of nonlinear DDEs, and Zhao et al [35] applied the BBVM to the delay-differential-algebraic equation. A chronology of BBVMs can be seen in [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35].…”
The aim of this paper is to investigate the numerical solutions of delayed fractional differential equations (FDEs). A constant time delay is taken in the Caputo derivative of the state variable and also in the state variable. To obtain solutions, we extend the block boundary value method (BBVM) and show the convergence of the resulting scheme. Further, it is found that the order of convergence is $\min\{m,q-\delta+1\}$, where $m$ and $q$ are the order and block-size of the BBVM, respectively, and $\delta$ lies in between $0$ and $1$. In our methodology, we approximate the fractional-ordered derivative by a combination of the $m^{\text{th}}$-order BBVM and a $q^{\text{th}}$-order Lagrange interpolating polynomial. Lastly, we analyze the global stability of the numerical scheme and with the aid of some numerical examples, its computational effectiveness is proved. In examples, we analyse some fractional order delay differential systems and present a comparison of solutions for different fractional order derivatives. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that the global errors diminish as the order of the fractional derivative decreases, and this fact is supported by the theoretical order of convergence.
MSC Classification: 34K37 , 34D23 , 65L20
“…Zhou and Stynes [14] constructed a class of BBVM for linear neutral Volterra integro-differential equations, Yan et al [15] extended the BBVM for solving numerically the nonlinear delay-differential-algebraic equations, Zhang and Yan [16] used the BBVM to find approximate solutions of nonlinear DDEs, and Zhao et al [35] applied the BBVM to the delay-differential-algebraic equation. A chronology of BBVMs can be seen in [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35].…”
The aim of this paper is to investigate the numerical solutions of delayed fractional differential equations (FDEs). A constant time delay is taken in the Caputo derivative of the state variable and also in the state variable. To obtain solutions, we extend the block boundary value method (BBVM) and show the convergence of the resulting scheme. Further, it is found that the order of convergence is $\min\{m,q-\delta+1\}$, where $m$ and $q$ are the order and block-size of the BBVM, respectively, and $\delta$ lies in between $0$ and $1$. In our methodology, we approximate the fractional-ordered derivative by a combination of the $m^{\text{th}}$-order BBVM and a $q^{\text{th}}$-order Lagrange interpolating polynomial. Lastly, we analyze the global stability of the numerical scheme and with the aid of some numerical examples, its computational effectiveness is proved. In examples, we analyse some fractional order delay differential systems and present a comparison of solutions for different fractional order derivatives. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that the global errors diminish as the order of the fractional derivative decreases, and this fact is supported by the theoretical order of convergence.
MSC Classification: 34K37 , 34D23 , 65L20
“…For the temporal discretization, a good candidate is block boundary value methods (BBVMs) due to their excellent stability and high accuracy. For example, in References [14–16, 21–28], BBVMs were applied to ordinary differential equations (ODEs), differential‐algebraic equations, delay/functional differential equations and the temporal discretization of semi‐linear parabolic equations, space‐fractional diffusion equations and delay reaction–diffusion equations.…”
In the present paper, we study a class of linear approximation methods for solving semi-linear delay-reaction-diffusion equations with algebraic constraint (SDEACs). By combining a fourth-order compact difference scheme with block boundary value methods (BBVMs), a class of compact block boundary value methods (CBBVMs) for SDEACs are suggested. It is proved under some suitable conditions that the CBBVMs are convergent of order 4 in space and order p in time, where p is the local order of the used BBVMs, and are globally stable. With several numerical experiments for Fisher equation with delay and algebraic constraint, the computational effectiveness and theoretical results of CBBVMs are further illustrated.
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