The Acyltransferase GPAT5 Is Required for the Synthesis of Suberin in Seed Coat and Root of <i>Arabidopsis</i>

Beisson, Fred; Li, Yonghua; Bonaventure, Gustavo; Pollard, Mike; Ohlrogge, John B.

doi:10.1105/tpc.106.048033

Cited by 371 publications

(450 citation statements)

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“…1, A-C). This observation is reminiscent of GPAT5 promoter activity shown both with YFP (Molina et al, 2008) and GUS (Beisson et al, 2007) reporters, and to CYP86A1 expression (data not shown). As desiccation proceeds, strong ASFT expression was also observed at the chalazal region (Fig.…”

Section: Asft Is Expressed In Tissues Of Seeds and Roots Where Suberimentioning

confidence: 92%

“…These genes encode the acyltransferase GPAT5 (Beisson et al, 2007) and the cytochrome P450 monooxygenase CYP86A1, a fatty acyl v-hydroxylase (Li et al, 2007a;Hö fer et al, 2008). Using these two genes as the bait set, correlation analysis of gene expression across all microarray data sets (Wei et al, 2006) identified a number of other genes with a strong correlation (Supplemental Table S1), including two members of the BAHD gene family, AT5G41040 (ASFT) and AT5G63560.…”

Section: Bahd and Cyp86b1 Genes Correlated With The Expression Of Submentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is synthesized constitutively during development by a variety of internal and exposed plant tissues, and as a response to stresses and wounding (Kolattukudy, 2001;Schreiber et al, 2005). The role of suberin in controlling salt stress and permeability has recently been demonstrated in mutants compromised in its biosynthesis (Beisson et al, 2007;Höfer et al, 2008;Serra et al, 2009).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…The first genes affecting Arabidopsis aliphatic suberin and suberin-associated wax composition have been identified. These include the glycerol-3-P acyltransferase GPAT5 (Beisson et al, 2007;Li et al, 2007b) and an orthologous pair of cytochrome P450 v-hydroxylases, CYP86A1 and CYP86A33 (Li et al, 2007a;Hö fer et al, 2008;Serra et al, 2009). However, knockout mutants of these cytochrome P450 genes do not reduce the levels of v-oxidized very-long-chain suberin monomers, so additional cytochrome P450 genes are required for this function.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Identification of an Arabidopsis Feruloyl-Coenzyme A Transferase Required for Suberin Synthesis

et al. 2009

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All plants produce suberin, a lipophilic barrier of the cell wall that controls water and solute fluxes and restricts pathogen infection. It is often described as a heteropolymer comprised of polyaliphatic and polyaromatic domains. Major monomers include v-hydroxy and a,v-dicarboxylic fatty acids, glycerol, and ferulate. No genes have yet been identified for the aromatic suberin pathway. Here we demonstrate that Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) gene AT5G41040, a member of the BAHD family of acyltransferases, is essential for incorporation of ferulate into suberin. In Arabidopsis plants transformed with the AT5G41040 promoter:YFP fusion, reporter expression is localized to cell layers undergoing suberization. Knockout mutants of AT5G41040 show almost complete elimination of suberin-associated ester-linked ferulate. However, the classic lamellar structure of suberin in root periderm of at5g41040 is not disrupted. The reduction in ferulate in at5g41040-knockout seeds is associated with an approximate stoichiometric decrease in aliphatic monomers containing v-hydroxyl groups. Recombinant AT5G41040p catalyzed acyl transfer from feruloyl-coenzyme A to v-hydroxyfatty acids and fatty alcohols, demonstrating that the gene encodes a feruloyl transferase. CYP86B1, a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase gene whose transcript levels correlate with AT5G41040 expression, was also investigated. Knockouts and overexpression confirmed CYP86B1 as an oxidase required for the biosynthesis of very-long-chain saturated a,v-bifunctional aliphatic monomers in suberin. The seed suberin composition of cyp86b1 knockout was surprisingly dominated by unsubstituted fatty acids that are incapable of polymeric linkages. Together, these results challenge our current view of suberin structure by questioning both the function of ester-linked ferulate as an essential component and the existence of an extended aliphatic polyester.

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Section: Asft Is Expressed In Tissues Of Seeds and Roots Where Suberimentioning

confidence: 92%

Section: Bahd and Cyp86b1 Genes Correlated With The Expression Of Submentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Identification of an Arabidopsis Feruloyl-Coenzyme A Transferase Required for Suberin Synthesis

et al. 2009

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“…Suberin often includes substantial amounts of saturated monomers with chain length .C20 (Kolattukudy, 1980(Kolattukudy, , 2001Bernards, 2002;Schreiber et al, 2005). Analyses of Arabidopsis tissues expected to be enriched in suberin, namely, roots and seed coats, have shown typical suberin monomer compositions (Franke et al, 2006;Molina et al, 2006;Beisson et al, 2007). A substantial portion of the hydroxycinnamic acids of suberin are believed to be cross-linked (Bernards et al, 1995;Bernards, 2002).…”

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Monoacylglycerols Are Components of Root Waxes and Can Be Produced in the Aerial Cuticle by Ectopic Expression of a Suberin-Associated Acyltransferase

et al. 2007

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The interface between plants and the environment is provided for aerial organs by epicuticular waxes that have been extensively studied. By contrast, little is known about the nature, biosynthesis, and role of waxes at the root-rhizosphere interface. Waxes isolated by rapid immersion of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) roots in organic solvents were rich in saturated C18-C22 alkyl esters of p-hydroxycinnamic acids, but also contained significant amounts of both a-and b-isomers of monoacylglycerols with C22 and C24 saturated acyl groups and the corresponding free fatty acids. Production of these compounds in root waxes was positively correlated to the expression of sn-glycerol-3-P acyltransferase5 (GPAT5), a gene encoding an acyltransferase previously shown to be involved in aliphatic suberin synthesis. This suggests a direct metabolic relationship between suberin and some root waxes. Furthermore, when ectopically expressed in Arabidopsis, GPAT5 produced very-longchain saturated monoacylglycerols and free fatty acids as novel components of cuticular waxes. The crystal morphology of stem waxes was altered and the load of total stem wax compounds was doubled, although the major components typical of the waxes found on wild-type plants decreased. These results strongly suggest that GPAT5 functions in vivo as an acyltransferase to a glycerol-containing acceptor and has access to the same pool of acyl intermediates and/or may be targeted to the same membrane domain as that of wax synthesis in aerial organs.

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Cutin and Suberin

Li‐Beisson¹

2011

Encyclopedia of Life Sciences

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Cutin and suberin are cell‐wall associated glycerolipid polymers specific to plants. Cutin forms the framework of the cuticle sealing the aerial epidermis, whereas suberin is present in the periderm of barks and underground organs. Suberised walls are also found in root internal tissues. Barriers based on cutin and suberin restrict transport of water across cell walls and limit pathogen invasions. Chemical analysis shows that both polymers are polyesters composed mostly of C16‐C18 hydroxyacids, diacids and epoxyacids esterified to each other and to glycerol. Suberin, whose best known form is cork, usually differs from cutin by a higher content in C20‐C24 aliphatics and aromatics. In the last decade, the identification of Arabidopsis mutants affected in cutin or suberin content has allowed the identification of several proteins involved in polyester biosynthesis, including acyltransferases with unique specificities, fatty acid hydroxylases , acyl‐CoA synthetases , fatty acid elongases and an ABC transporter. Key Concepts: The epidermal cells and suberising cells have specialised enzymes that convert the common cellular fatty acids into the unique components of cutin and suberin, respectively. Oxygenated fatty acid monomers are produced by fatty acid oxidases of the cytochrome P450 superfamily. Acylglycerol dimers can be synthesised by special glycerol‐3‐phosphate acyltransferases. Whether polymerisation of dimers and monomers occurs in intracellular compartments or in the cell walls is still unknown. How cutin and suberin polymers are linked to the cell walls remains to be determined. Cutin contributes to the formation of surface nanostructures in epidermis.

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The Acyltransferase GPAT5 Is Required for the Synthesis of Suberin in Seed Coat and Root of Arabidopsis

Cited by 371 publications

References 82 publications

Identification of an Arabidopsis Feruloyl-Coenzyme A Transferase Required for Suberin Synthesis

Identification of an Arabidopsis Feruloyl-Coenzyme A Transferase Required for Suberin Synthesis

Monoacylglycerols Are Components of Root Waxes and Can Be Produced in the Aerial Cuticle by Ectopic Expression of a Suberin-Associated Acyltransferase

Cutin and Suberin

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