The Acute Phase Response in Calves Experimentally Infected with Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus and/or Mannheimia haemolytica

Abstract

The aim of this investigation was to study differences and similarities in the acute phase response of calves experimentally infected in the respiratory tract with either bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) or Mannheima haemolytica (Mh), or with a combination of both (BVDV/Mh). A non-inoculated control group was also included. The acute phase response was measured by serum or plasma concentrations of the acute phase proteins (APPs) haptoglobin, serum amyloid A (SAA) and fibrinogen, and of cortisol, prostaglandin F2alpha-metabolite and interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) activity. Clinical symptoms were also recorded and were most severe in the BVDV/Mh group. The symptoms were mild to moderate in the BVDV group, while none, or very mild symptoms were observed in the Mh group. In all inoculated groups, a significant acute phase response was observed, with elevated values of haptoglobin, SAA and fibrinogen, while the control group remained unaffected throughout the study. In general, the magnitude of the response was similar, but the duration of elevated concentrations of APPs was significantly longer in the BVDV/Mh group than in the BVDV group, reflecting the duration of the clinical symptoms. However, in the single infection groups, the APP response and the clinical symptoms were not correlated. The IFN-alpha activity increased in all BVDV-inoculated animals, but no response in cortisol and PGF2alpha-metabolite concentrations was observed after infection. Basal levels of serum concentrations of haptoglobin, SAA and fibrinogen were established and may be used for evaluating calf health in herds. The duration of elevated haptoglobin, SAA and fibrinogen values did not differ significantly within groups indicating that their value as indicator of disease is equal.

Haptoglobin, serum amyloid A and ceruloplasmin concentrations in cattle with suspicion of coryza gangrenosa bovum

“…In the studies conducted, it was revealed that Saa and hp values were extremely important markers (HORADAGODA et al, 1999) in distinctive diagnosis of bacterial (AYTEKIN et al, 2016;ECKERSALL et al, 2006;GANHEIM et al, 2003;SKINNER and rOBertS, 1991;WaLker et al, 1994) and viral (BASBUG et al, 2016;GANHEIM et al, 2003;HEEGARD et al, 2000;HOFNER et al, 1994;STENFELDT et al, 2011;ULUTAS et al, 2011) diseases, and plasma levels in these diseases increased significantly.…”

“…It was reported by HUSSEIN et al (2012) that the serum Cp concentration reference values were between 8.8-33.4 mg/dL. In some studies, on the other hand, Cp levels were determined as 1.98 mg/dL by BASBUG et al (2016), as 4.37 by AYTEKIN et al (2016), as 5.6 by NISBet et al (2008), as 6 by NAZIFI et al (2009) Increased levels of aPPs found in infection conditions have been shown to change in accordance with the type, severity and course of infection in a variety of experimental and natural bacterial and viral diseases (AYTEKIN et al, 2016;BASBUG et al, 2016; M. Issi et al: haptoglobin, serum amyloid a and ceruloplasmin concentrations in cattle with suspicion of coryza gangrenosa bovum ECKERSALL et al, 2006;GANHEIM et al, 2003;HOFNER et al, 1994;STENFELDT et al, 2011;ULUTAS et al, 2011).…”

“…In literature reviews, although there is a number of publications relating to serum hp, Saa and Cp concentrations in healthy cattle, it was determined that there is a limited number of studies relating to serum enzyme levels of aPPs in viral infections (GANHEIM et al, 2003;HEEGARD et al, 2000;HOFNER et al, 1994;STENFELDT et al, 2011;ULUTAS et al, 2011). Within this scope, changes in aPPs have been examined in bovine viral diarrhea virus (GANHEIM et al, 2003;ULUTAS et al, 2011), bovine respiratory syncytial virus (AYTEKIN et al, 2016), foot-and-mouth disease virus (HOFNER et al 1994;STENFELDT et al, 2011) and lumpy skin disease (BASBUG et al, 2016) infections.…”

“…Within this scope, changes in aPPs have been examined in bovine viral diarrhea virus (GANHEIM et al, 2003;ULUTAS et al, 2011), bovine respiratory syncytial virus (AYTEKIN et al, 2016), foot-and-mouth disease virus (HOFNER et al 1994;STENFELDT et al, 2011) and lumpy skin disease (BASBUG et al, 2016) infections. Nevertheless, in a number of studies the need is highlighted for a better understanding of the role of aPPs and clinic areas of use (ECKERSALL and BELL, 2010;ULUTAS et al, 2011).…”

Acute Phase Proteins as Markers of Diseases in Farm Animals

“…However, the differences in the concentrations of Fbg between healthy calves and calves with respiratory signs were in means less marked than the differences observed in the concentrations of Hp and SAA. On the other hand, marked increase in plasma Fbg concentrations was found in calves after infection with Dictyocaulus viviparus, Mannheimia haemolytica or bovine viral diarrhoea virus (Gänheim et al, 2003). Therefore, in this area of research, further investigations are needed to deepen our knowledge about the synthesis of fibrinogen in calves suffering from respiratory diseases.…”