The acute effect of exercise modality and nutrition manipulations on post-exercise resting energy expenditure and respiratory exchange ratio in women: a randomized trial

Abstract

BackgroundThe purpose of this study was to examine the effect of exercise modality and pre-exercise carbohydrate (CHO) or protein (PRO) ingestion on post-exercise resting energy expenditure (REE) and respiratory exchange ratio (RER) in women.MethodsTwenty recreationally active women (mean ± SD; age 24.6 ± 3.9 years; height 164.4 ± 6.6 cm; weight 62.7 ± 6.6 kg) participated in this randomized, crossover, double-blind study. Each participant completed six exercise sessions, consisting of three exercise modalities: aerobic endurance exercise (AEE), high-intensity interval running (HIIT), and high-intensity resistance training (HIRT); and two acute nutritional interventions: CHO and PRO. Salivary samples were collected before each exercise session to determine estradiol-β-17 and before and after to quantify cortisol. Post-exercise REE and RER were analyzed via indirect calorimetry at the following: baseline, immediately post (IP), 30 minutes (30 min) post, and 60 minutes (60 min) post exercise. A mixed effects linear regression model, controlling for estradiol, was used to compare mean longitudinal changes in REE and RER.ResultsOn average, HIIT produced a greater REE than AEE and HIRT (p < 0.001) post exercise. Effects of AEE and HIRT were not significantly different for post-exercise REE (p = 0.1331). On average, HIIT produced lower RER compared to either AEE or HIRT after 30 min (p < 0.001 and p = 0.0169, respectively) and compared to AEE after 60 min (p = 0.0020). On average, pre-exercise PRO ingestion increased post-exercise REE (p = 0.0076) and decreased post-exercise RER (p < 0.0001) compared to pre-exercise CHO ingestion.ConclusionHIIT resulted in the largest increase in REE and largest reduction in RER.

Influence of segmental body composition and adiposity hormones on resting metabolic rate and substrate utilization in overweight and obese adults

“…Respiratory exchange ratio during exercise was evaluated using indirect calorimetry (TrueMax 2400 ® , Parvo Medics, Salt Lake City, UT) during a submaximal steady-state cardiorespiratory test as previously described by Withers and Gore [34] and Wingfield et al [35]. After a three-minute warm-up on a cycle ergometer (Lode, Gronigen, The Netherlands) at a self-selected speed and workload of 20 Watts (W), workload was manually increased until heart rate (HR) correlated to 50–60% heart rate reserve (HRR).…”

Mechanistic and methodological perspectives on the impact of intense interval training on post‐exercise metabolism

“…For instance, in the only study to compare two HIIT protocols to a no‐exercise control session without a comparison to MICT (Table ), both protocols elicited an EPOC of ~2.8 L within 1 hour post‐exercise . As seen in Table , most HIIT studies demonstrate a similar EPOC value with an average of ~3.3 L/h in the 0.5‐3 hours post‐exercise period and report significantly greater O 2 values compared to baseline levels or a no‐exercise control session within 1 hour post‐exercise, though others did not report this information . Beyond 1 hour, the EPOC magnitude and duration varies greatly, with some reporting a sustained EPOC between 2‐5 hours or 12 hours post‐HIIT, while others do not report significantly elevated O 2 beyond 1 hour .…”

“…However, the majority of available studies that have included direct between‐protocol comparisons present equivocal findings, with some reporting significant differences in EPOC magnitude following HIIT compared to MICT in the hour immediately following exercise, and others not . Of the eight studies that investigated the effects of HIIT and MICT on EPOC within a 0.5‐3 hours timeframe post‐exercise (Table ), the average total magnitude equaled to ~6.2 L and ~4.5 L following HIIT and MICT, respectively . Three of the studies recorded a significantly elevated EPOC following HIIT vs MICT, with a mean EPOC of ~3.6 L/h post‐HIIT and ~1.6 L/h post‐MICT.…”

“…Of the eight studies that investigated the effects of HIIT and MICT on EPOC within a 0.5‐3 hours timeframe post‐exercise (Table ), the average total magnitude equaled to ~6.2 L and ~4.5 L following HIIT and MICT, respectively . Three of the studies recorded a significantly elevated EPOC following HIIT vs MICT, with a mean EPOC of ~3.6 L/h post‐HIIT and ~1.6 L/h post‐MICT. However, of the remaining five studies reporting no significant differences, mean EPOC was found to be ~3.1 L/h following HIIT and ~2.7 L/h following MICT .…”

Dietary macronutrient distribution influences postexercise substrate utilization in women: a cross-sectional evaluation of metabolic flexibility

“…Metabolic flexibility was investigated in the context of HIIT, which subjects performed as part of a larger study investigating pre-exercise supplementation using multiple exercise modalities. 15 …”