The Actor: The Key Determinator in Service Ecosystems

Abstract

Most descriptions of service ecosystems, which provide the foundations for value co-creation, focus on resource integration. In contrast, this article emphasizes the actor's key role as the foundation resource for value co-creation by looking at both societal-and individual-focused realms, which include the different social aspects of service ecosystems. Institutional arrangements, positions, schemas as mental models, and practices constitute the basis realms influencing the actor in his or her value creation. Societal-and individual-focused realms are dual structures that are in constant interaction. The interdependency of the realms is made apparent through the service ecosystem's ability to define how resources are understood, assessed, and applied. A thorough examination of the realms that influence the actors embedded in service ecosystems suggests that social forces guide and are guided by actors. This article offers six guidelines for understanding the vital role of actors in service ecosystems.

Archetypes of Service Innovation

“…In turn, firms must design resource integration mechanisms to link resources, actors, and institutional arrangements and to enable actors to enhance the service innovation. Interactions between actors in the service ecosystem are primarily social encounters ( Czepiel, Solomon, and Surprenant 1985 ), confirming that actors are at the center of every service ecosystem ( Tronvoll 2017 ). Actors are guided by social values and institutional arrangements that determine how resources are to be understood, accessed, used, and integrated in achieving service innovation.…”

Charting service ecosystems flexibility: A museum setting

“…Our article also contributes to SE research by exploring the role of technology-the study of which has been lacking (Tronvoll, 2017). new interactions with visitors-both in situ and online-followed by participation, as the service experience is shaped during participative processes with visitors interacting with multiple actors, and collaboration, as the essence of a service designed in an ecosystem.…”

“…Service exchange is another factor contributing to the dynamics of SE (Tronvoll, 2017). More specifically, SE are not preexisting sets because service exchange continuously creates and recreates them (Vargo & Akaka, 2012).…”

Model hubungan aktor pemangku kepentingan dalam pengembangan potensi pariwisata Kedung Ombo

“…Aktor memiliki andil dalam evolusi sistem karena kemampuannya dalam memobilisasi sumber daya dan mempengaruhi hasil sistem secara langsung (Avelino & Wittmayer, 2016). Kemampuan aktor berkaitan dengan pengetahuan aktor terhadap sistem dan kemampuan strukturalnya untuk berinteraksi secara kreatif dan inovatif dalam menciptakan nilai sistem serta kepemilikan sumber daya ekonomi yang menentukan kapasitas aktor dalam mendefinisikan dan melegitimasi institusi, aturan, dan nilai-nilai sistem (Tronvoll, 2017). Aktor yang memiliki andil potensial dalam suatu reformasi sistem dan tujuan perubahannya disebut sebagai pemangku kepentingan yang dibedakan menjadi pemangku kepentingan primer dan pemangku kepentingan sekunder (Luoma-aho & Paloviita, 2010).…”

“…Pengaruh aktor menggambarkan kemampuan aktor untuk mempengaruhi aktor lain, desain, perencanaan dan pelaksanaan pengembangan suatu proyek. Sumbersumber kekuatan pengaruh aktor ditentukan oleh kepemilikan sumber daya material, posisi sosial, dan pengetahuan para aktor terhadap masa depan suatu sistem (Tronvoll, 2017). Berdasarkan kekuatannya, aktor diposisikan dalam peta pengaruh dan ketergantungan aktor dan dibedakan menjadi aktor dominan (pengaruh tinggi), aktor yang didominasi (ketergantungan tinggi), aktor yang terisolasi (rendah pengaruh dan ketergantungan), dan aktor relay (tinggi pengaruh dan ketergantungan) (Elmsalmi & Hachicha, 2014).…”