The Activity of Peracetic Acid on Sewage Indicator Bacteria and Viruses

Baldry, Mara; French, M. S.; Slater, Dorothy A.

doi:10.2166/wst.1991.0089

Cited by 68 publications

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“…One of the currently proposed alternative disinfectants that has received particular attention over the past few years is peracetic acid (CH 3 COO 2 H; PAA). This chemical is a potent antimicrobial agent with many applications in hospitals, laboratories and factories [21][22][23]. Disinfection of drinking water from lakes and rivers with PAA results in the production of carboxylic acids, which are known to be essentially non-mutagenic, with a very low level of genotoxicity in bacterial test systems [24,25].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perturbation of cytochrome P450, generation of oxidative stress and induction of DNA damage in Cyprinus carpio exposed in situ to potable surface water

Sapone¹,

Gustavino²,

Monfrinotti³

et al. 2007

Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagene

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Epidemiological evidence suggests a link between consumption of chlorinated drinking water and various cancers. Chlorination of water rich in organic chemicals produces carcinogenic organochlorine by-products (OBPs) such as trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids. Since the discovery of the first OBP in the 1970s, there have been several investigations designed to determine the biological effects of single chemicals or small artificial OBP combinations. However, there is still insufficient information regarding the general biological response to these compounds, and further studies are still needed to evaluate their potential genotoxic effects. In the current study, we evaluated the effect of three drinking water disinfectants on the activity of cytochrome P450 (CYP)-linked metabolizing enzymes and on the generation of oxidative stress in the livers of male and female Cyprinus carpio fish (carp). The fish were exposed in situ for up 20 days to surface water obtained from the Trasmene lake in Italy. The water was treated with 1-2 mg/L of either sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) or chlorine dioxide (ClO 2 ) as traditional disinfectants or with a relatively new disinfectant product, peracetic acid (PAA). Micronucleus (MN) frequencies in circulating erythrocytes from the fish were also analysed as a biomarker of genotoxic effect. In the CYP-linked enzyme assays, a significant induction (up to a 57-fold increase in the deethylation of ethoxyresorufin with PAA treatment) and a notable inactivation (up to almost a 90% loss in hydroxylation of p-nitrophenol with all disinfectants, and of testosterone 2␤-hydroxylation with NaClO) was observed in subcellular liver preparations from exposed fish. Using the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy radical-probe technique, we also observed that CYP-modulation was associated with the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In addition, we found a significant increase in MN frequency in circulating erythrocytes after 10 days of exposure of fish to water treated with ClO 2 , while a non-significant six-fold increase in MN frequency was observed with NaClO, but not with PAA. Our data suggest that the use of ClO 2 and NaClO to disinfect drinking water could generate harmful OBP mixtures that are able to perturb CYP-mediated reactions, generate oxidative stress and induce Abbreviations: NaClO, sodium hypochlorite; ClO 2 , chlorine dioxide; PAA, peracetic acid; CYP, cytochrome P450; MN, micronuclei; OBPs, organochlorine by-products; ROS, reactive oxygen species * Corresponding author. . Sapone et al. / Mutation Research 626 (2007) 143-154 genetic damage. These data may provide a mechanistic explanation for epidemiological studies linking consumption of chlorinated drinking water to increased risk of urinary, gastrointestinal and bladder cancers.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perturbation of cytochrome P450, generation of oxidative stress and induction of DNA damage in Cyprinus carpio exposed in situ to potable surface water

Sapone¹,

Gustavino²,

Monfrinotti³

et al. 2007

Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagene

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“…No entanto, para essa mesma concentração e tempos de contato de 10, 15 e 20 minutos o núme-ro final de C.perfringens foi menor que 1 organismo/100 mL, denotando inativações maiores que 4 log. Baldry & French (1989) obtiveram que 25 mg/L de ácido peracético rapidamente inativou E. coli e S. faecalis resultando em inativações do número de bactérias maiores que 10 5 (99,999%) em 5 minutos de tempo de contato. Mesmo na presença de grande quantidade de matéria orgânica (meio de cultura), 100mg/L de ácido peracético foi requerido para alcançar 5 log de inativação das bactérias.…”

Section: Desinfecção Com áCido Peracéticounclassified

“…Um aspecto relevante apontado por Baldry et al (1991), também observado na presente pesquisa, foi a verificação de que a presença de matéria orgânica na forma de extrato de levedura, afetou negativamente muito mais a eficiência do cloro que a do ácido peracético. Gasi et al (1995) realizaram estudo de desinfecção de efluentes de lodos ativados com ácido peracético, analisando aspectos relativos à eficiência do processo em relação aos microrganismos: coliformes totais (CT), coliformes fecais (CF), C. perfringens e colifagos.…”

Section: Desinfecção Com áCido Peracéticounclassified

“…Devido às suas propriedades bactericidas, virucidas, fungicidas e esporicidas, seu uso como desinfetante de esgoto doméstico recebe cada vez mais atenção (Baldry, 1982;Baldry & French, 1989;Alasri et al, 1992;Sanchez-Ruiz et al, 1995;Gasi et al, 1995;Rajala-Mustonen et al, 1997;Block, 2001). Outras vantagens do ácido peracético como desinfetante de efluentes são: facilidade de implementação de tratamento (sem a necessidade de elevado investimento), largo espectro de atividade mesmo na presença de matéria orgânica heterogênea, ausência de residual ou subprodutos tóxicos e/ou mutagênicos, desnecessária descloração, baixa dependên-cia do pH e curto tempo de contato.…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

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Comparação entre hipoclorito de sódio e ácido peracético na inativação de E. coli, colifagos e C. perfringens em água com elevada concentração de matéria orgânica

Souza

Daniel

2005

Eng. Sanit. Ambient.

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RESUMOFoi realizado estudo comparativo em condições experimentais similares, entre hipoclorito de sódio e ácido peracético na desinfecção de água com elevada concentração de matéria orgânica. O conteúdo de carbono orgânico dissolvido (COD) variou de 4,652 a 30,13 mgC/L para a água de estudo bruta e após a desinfecção esses valores variaram de 5,105 a 26,16 mgC/L para os ensaios com cloro e de 15,89 a 32,78 mgC/L para os ensaios com ácido peracético. O desempenho dos dois desinfetantes foi avaliado segundo a inativação de três microrganismos indicadores, Escherichia coli ATCC 11229, colifagos e Clostridium perfringens ATCC 13124 que eram previamente cultivados e inoculados à água no momento do experimento. As concentrações aplicadas de cloro e ácido peracético foram de 2,0; 3,0; 4,0 e 5,0 mg/L e os tempos de contato de 5, 10, 15 e 20 minutos. Para 3,0 mg/L de cloro aplicado, obteve-se 3 log de inativação de E. coli em 20 minutos de contato, 2,92 log de inativação de fagos em 10 minutos e 2 log de inativação de C. perfringens em 15 minutos. Os resultados dos ensaios de desinfecção com ácido peracético indicaram efetiva inativação dos microrganismos indicadores empregados, mesmo na presença de elevada concentração de matéria orgânica. Para 5,0 mg/L de ácido peracético aplicado e 15 minutos de contato, inativações de E. coli maiores que 6 log, de fagos maiores que 5 log em 20 minutos e de C. perfringens maiores que 4 log em 10 minutos de contato foram alcançadas. PALAVRAS-CHAVE:

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“…Due to the increasing evidence of adverse effects of chlorinated compounds, in some instances -such as in hospitals, laboratories and factories -the use of peracetic acid (CH 3 COO 2 H, PAA) has been experimentally introduced as an alternative compound for water disinfection [23][24][25]. PAA was shown to produce, as disinfection byproducts, only carboxylic acids, which exhibit a very low level of genotoxicity [26].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modulating effects of humic acids on genotoxicity induced by water disinfectants in Cyprinus carpio

Gustavino

Buschini

Monfrinotti

et al. 2005

Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagene

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The use of chlorinated disinfectants during drinking-water production has been shown to generate halogenated compounds as a result of interactions of humic acids with chlorine. Such chlorinated by-products have been shown to induce genotoxic effects and consumption of chlorinated drinking-water has been correlated with increased risk for cancer induction in human populations. The aim of this work was to test the potential genotoxic effects on circulating erythrocytes of the fish Cyprinus carpio exposed in vivo to well-waters disinfected with sodium hypochlorite (NaClO), chlorine dioxide (ClO 2 ) or peracetic acid (CH 3 COO 2 H, PAA), in the absence or presence of standard humic acids (HA). The effects were measured by use of the micronucleus (MN) and the single-cell gel electrophoresis (Comet) assays at different sampling times after a 3-day exposure period. The exposure to chlorine disinfectants without the addition of HA produced a clear toxic effect. Significant cytogenetic damage (i.e. MN induction) was detected in fish populations exposed to both NaClO and ClO 2 with humic acids. In the Comet assay, a significant decrease of DNA migration was observed in erythrocytes of specimens after exposure to NaClO-disinfected water without HA. No effects were observed in any other experimental condition.

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The Activity of Peracetic Acid on Sewage Indicator Bacteria and Viruses

Cited by 68 publications

References 0 publications

Perturbation of cytochrome P450, generation of oxidative stress and induction of DNA damage in Cyprinus carpio exposed in situ to potable surface water

Perturbation of cytochrome P450, generation of oxidative stress and induction of DNA damage in Cyprinus carpio exposed in situ to potable surface water

Comparação entre hipoclorito de sódio e ácido peracético na inativação de E. coli, colifagos e C. perfringens em água com elevada concentração de matéria orgânica

Modulating effects of humic acids on genotoxicity induced by water disinfectants in Cyprinus carpio

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