The activity coefficients of cadmium chloride in water and sodium chloride solution at 25°

Abstract

The activity coefficients of cadmium chloride in water and sodium chloride solution have been measured. The data have been used to calculate the stability constants of the cadmium chloride complexes. The results are compared with the results of previous work and reasons for the discrepancies are suggested.

Apparent molar volumes and heat capacities of aqueous magnesium chloride and cadmium chloride at temperatures from 278.15 K to 393.15 K at the pressure 0.35 MPa: a comparison of ion–ion interactions

“…Magnesium chloride is known to exhibit relatively little ion pairing in aqueous solution (1) at 273 < (T /K) < 400 and at m < 1.0 mol · kg −1 , while cadmium chloride forms a number of distinct complexes (2) at these conditions. The equilibrium expressions for the formation of the predominant complexes for aqueous cadmium chloride solutions are given in equation (1): (…”

An Equilibrium Model for the Calculation of Activity and Osmotic Coefficients in Aqueous Solutions

“…The value for process (B) was calculated from the data for acetic acid tabulated by Larson and Hepler [19]; the values for processes (E), (F), (G), and (H) are those given by Reilly and Stokes [12]; and the values for processes (I), (J), and (K) are those given by Pitzer [9]. The Oebye-Hiickel constants recommended by Clarke and G1ew [20] were used in all calculations.…”

“…Hydration numbers can be introduced directly using (10) where '" (eq(9» is the amount of water calculated using eq (9) and h, is the number of waters of hydration attached to the i" species. If the water participates in the eqUilibria in solution or if hydration numbers are introduced, '" kg-' will not be equal to m f. The m, are given by i>2 (11) The activities of the species are given by 1>2 (12) Thus in a model where hydration is introduced, both m, and il, will be affected by changes in both '" and n, (i>2).…”

“…Thus, having formulated the simultaneous nonlinear eq (4), which necessarily include eqs (8) to (12) and eq (5) or (6), one is left with a numerical problem to obtain a self-consistent solution of these equations. It is assumed that, while such a solution may be difficult to obtain for large systems, a unique solution does exist and that one now has values for I, mj and nj for i>l and for Yi and Gj for i;>2.…”

“…Equilibrium models have beeu used [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]' both for the prediction and for the correlation of activity and osmotic coefficient data in aqueous electrolyte solutions. These equilibrium models are particularlY appropriate when one is dealing with solutions which exhibit association, complexation, hydration, or hydrolysis.…”