The Active Temperature, Ozone and Moisture Microwave Spectrometer (ATOMMS)

Kursinski, E. R.; Ward, D.; Otárola, Angel; Frehlich, Rod; Groppi, Christopher; Albanna, S.; Shein, M.; Bertiger, Willy; Pickett, H. M.; Ross, M. N.

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-00321-9_24

Cited by 21 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…More details on this technique, its capabilities and the quality of retrieval results can be found in Feng et al (2000); Herman et al (2004); Kursinski et al (2002Kursinski et al ( , 2004; Kirchengast and Høeg (2004); Kirchengast (2005, 2007); Kursinski et al (2009) ;Schweitzer et al (2011). A closely related occultation method is the GNSS-LEO radio occultation (GRO), which uses L-band signals from the US Global Positioning System (GPS) system.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Atmospheric influences on infrared-laser signals used for occultation measurements between Low Earth Orbit satellites

2011

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Abstract. LEO-LEO infrared-laser occultation (LIO) is a new occultation technique between Low Earth Orbit (LEO)satellites, which applies signals in the short wave infrared spectral range (SWIR) within 2 µm to 2.5 µm. It is part of the LEO-LEO microwave and infrared-laser occultation (LMIO) method that enables to retrieve thermodynamic profiles (pressure, temperature, humidity) and altitude levels from microwave signals and profiles of greenhouse gases and further variables such as line-of-sight wind speed from simultaneously measured LIO signals. Due to the novelty of the LMIO method, detailed knowledge of atmospheric influences on LIO signals and of their suitability for accurate trace species retrieval did not yet exist. Here we discuss these influences, assessing effects from refraction, trace species absorption, aerosol extinction and Rayleigh scattering in detail, and addressing clouds, turbulence, wind, scattered solar radiation and terrestrial thermal radiation as well. We show that the influence of refractive defocusing, foreign species absorption, aerosols and turbulence is observable, but can be rendered small to negligible by use of the differential transmission principle with a close frequency spacing of LIO absorption and reference signals within 0.5 %. The influences of Rayleigh scattering and terrestrial thermal radiation are found negligible. Cloud-scattered solar radiation can be observable under bright-day conditions, but this influence can be made negligible by a close time spacing (within 5 ms) of interleaved laser-pulse and background signals. Cloud extinction loss generally blocks SWIR signals, except very thin or sub-visible cirrus clouds, which can be addressed by retrieving a cloud layering profile and exploiting it in the trace species retrieval. Wind can have a small influence on the trace species absorption, which can be made negligible by using a simultaneously retrieved or a moderately accurate

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Atmospheric influences on infrared-laser signals used for occultation measurements between Low Earth Orbit satellites

2011

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“…Along these lines, we also note that in order to diagnose and reduce spectroscopic errors, Kursinski et al (2009) recommended increasing the required number of Low Band signals from 4 to 5 to make the solutions systematically over-determined in order to identify systematic errors in spectroscopic models and then refine those models. 30…”

Section: Sources Of Uncertainty and Validation Of Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Simulations in Kursinski et al (2009) showed the uncertainty in cloudy conditions should increase by no more than a factor of 2 relative to clear sky conditions. We also note that Kursinski et al (2009) recommended using at least 5 signal frequencies in order to expose spectral modeling errors and 10 provide the quantitative information needed to refine the modeling of both the water vapor and liquid water spectra.…”

Section: Differences Between Mountaintop and Leo Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Kursinski et al [2009] showed that the spectral shape of the cloud liquid water absorption at the Low-Band frequencies depends primarily on the cloud liquid water path and cloud temperature. Simultaneously measuring the amplitudes of four Low Band signals, with at least one of the signal frequencies on the high side of the 22 GHz line, in addition to refractivity plus application of a hydrostatic 5 constraint, enables water vapor, cloud liquid water path and effective cloud temperature to be estimated simultaneously.…”

Section: Differences Between Mountaintop and Leo Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Retrieval of Water Vapor using Ground-based Observations from a Prototype ATOMMS Active cm- and mm- Wavelength Occultation Instrument

Ward

Kursinski²,

Otárola

et al. 2017

Preprint

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Abstract.A fundamental goal of satellite weather and climate observations is profiling the atmosphere with in situ-like precision and resolution with absolute accuracy and unbiased, all-weather, global coverage. While GPS radio occultation (RO) has come perhaps closest in terms of profiling the gas state from orbit, it does not provide sufficient information to simultaneously profile water vapor and temperature. We have been developing the Active Temperature, Ozone and Moisture Microwave Spectrometer (ATOMMS) RO system that probes the 22 and 183 GHz water vapor absorption lines to 20 simultaneously profile temperature and water vapor from the lower troposphere to the mesopause. Using an ATOMMS instrument prototype between two mountaintops, we have demonstrated its ability to penetrate through water vapor, clouds and rain up to optical depths of 17 (7 orders of magnitude reduction in signal power) and still isolate the vapor absorption line spectrum to retrieve water vapor with a precision better than 1%. This demonstration represents a key step toward an orbiting ATOMMS system for weather, climate and constraining processes. 25

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“…As discussed by Kursinski et al (2009), with sampling across the line, ATOMMS measurements will provide the spectral information needed to separate the vapor from the liquid water changes. Unfortunately, during this mountaintop test, the 183 GHz band tuning measurements did not work well and we could not yet demonstrate this capability.…”

Section: Summary and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development and testing of the Active Temperature, Ozone and Moisture Microwave Spectrometer (ATOMMS) cm and mm wavelength occultation instrument

et al. 2012

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Abstract. We present initial results from testing a new remote sensing system called the Active Temperature, Ozone and Moisture Microwave Spectrometer (ATOMMS). ATOMMS is designed as a satellite-to-satellite occultation system for monitoring climate. We are developing the prototype instrument for an aircraft to aircraft occultation demonstration. Here we focus on field testing of the ATOMMS instrument, in particular the remote sensing of water by measuring the attenuation caused by the 22 GHz and 183 GHz water absorption lines.Our measurements of the 183 GHz line spectrum along an 820 m path revealed that the AM 6.2 spectroscopic model provdes a much better match to the observed spectrum than the MPM93 model. These comparisons also indicate that errors in the ATOMMS amplitude measurements are about 0.3 %. Pressure sensitivity bodes well for ATOMMS as a climate instrument. Comparisons with a hygrometer revealed consistency at the 0.05 mb level, which is about 1 % of the absolute humidity.Initial measurements of absorption by the 22 GHz line made along a 5.4 km path between two mountaintops captured a large increase in water vapor similar to that measured by several nearby hygrometers. A storm passage between the two instruments yielded our first measurements of extinction by rain and cloud droplets. Comparisons of ATOMMS 1.5 mm opacity measurements with measured visible opacity and backscatter from a weather radar revealed features simultaneously evident in all three datasets confirming the ATOMMS measurements. The combined ATOMMS, radar and visible information revealed the evolution of rain and cloud amounts along the signal path during the passage of the storm. The derived average cloud water content reached typical continental cloud amounts. These results demonstrated a significant portion of the information content of ATOMMS and its ability to penetrate through clouds and rain which is critical to its all-weather, climate monitoring capability.

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The Active Temperature, Ozone and Moisture Microwave Spectrometer (ATOMMS)

Cited by 21 publications

References 12 publications

Atmospheric influences on infrared-laser signals used for occultation measurements between Low Earth Orbit satellites

Atmospheric influences on infrared-laser signals used for occultation measurements between Low Earth Orbit satellites

Retrieval of Water Vapor using Ground-based Observations from a Prototype ATOMMS Active cm- and mm- Wavelength Occultation Instrument

Development and testing of the Active Temperature, Ozone and Moisture Microwave Spectrometer (ATOMMS) cm and mm wavelength occultation instrument

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