The activation of the adaptive immune system: Cross-talk between antigen-presenting cells, T cells and B cells

Haan, Joke M. M. den; Arens, Ramon; Zelm, Menno C. van

doi:10.1016/j.imlet.2014.10.011

Cited by 124 publications

(91 citation statements)

References 217 publications

(231 reference statements)

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“…While the principal function of B cells is antibody secretion in response to specific antigens, they also present antigen to T cells, produce cytokines, and develop into memory B cells or plasma cells following antigenic stimulation [25]. B cells can be divided into 2 broad classes: B-2 cells and B-1 cells [81].…”

Section: The Adaptive Immune System In Irmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most cells present endogenous antigens on MHC class I to cytotoxic CD8+ T cells [96]. In addition, professional APCs, such as dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells, present both endogenous and exogenous antigen on MHC class II to CD4+ T cells [25]. During antigen presentation, the T cell receives 3 signals: (1) recognition of the peptide-MHC combination via the TCR, (2) costimulation via binding of CD80/CD86 from the APC with CD28 on the T cell, and (3) cytokines which dictate the differentiation program of the T cell [25].…”

Section: Antigen-specific Processes In Irmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, professional APCs, such as dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells, present both endogenous and exogenous antigen on MHC class II to CD4+ T cells [25]. During antigen presentation, the T cell receives 3 signals: (1) recognition of the peptide-MHC combination via the TCR, (2) costimulation via binding of CD80/CD86 from the APC with CD28 on the T cell, and (3) cytokines which dictate the differentiation program of the T cell [25]. The combination of cytokine signals received by a CD4+ T cell will cause it to differentiate into the different T effector and memory subsets [25].…”

Section: Antigen-specific Processes In Irmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Like macrophages, lymphocytes can be divided into populations with primarily proinflammatory functions (including CD8+ cytotoxic T cells, Th1, Th17, and B-2) or primarily regulatory functions (including Treg, B-1a), and the skewing of the adaptive immune milieu towards a proinflammatory phenotype exacerbates IR [22–24]. B and T cells also recognize specific antigens via their recombined receptors and form immune memory for long lasting antigen-specific responses [25]. Antigen specificity and memory of B and T cells protect against repeated infections but can also lead to disease if the recognized antigen is derived from an autoantigen or commensal organism.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Adaptive Immunity and Antigen-Specific Activation in Obesity-Associated Insulin Resistance

Chng

Alonso

Barnes

et al. 2015

Mediators of Inflammation

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Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) is a metabolic disease that is strongly tied to obesity and often preceded by insulin resistance (IR). It has been established that chronic inflammation of hypertrophic adipose tissue depots in obese individuals leads to obesity-associated IR and is mediated by cells of the innate immune system, particularly macrophages. More recently, cells of the adaptive immune system, B and T lymphocytes, have also emerged as important regulators of glucose homeostasis, raising the intriguing possibility that antigen-driven immune responses play a role in disease. In this review, we critically evaluate the roles that various B and T cell subsets play in IR, and then we examine the data suggesting that antigen-driven mechanisms, such as antigen presentation and costimulation, may drive the activity of these lymphocytes.

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Section: The Adaptive Immune System In Irmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Antigen-specific Processes In Irmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Antigen-specific Processes In Irmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Adaptive Immunity and Antigen-Specific Activation in Obesity-Associated Insulin Resistance

Chng

Alonso

Barnes

et al. 2015

Mediators of Inflammation

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“…[17,18] When activated, the adaptive immune system is intervened by lymphocyte populations that include T -B cells and regulatory T cells. [19] Additionally, stroke induces the deleterious antigen-specific autoreactive responses, but it also has beneficial effects. [20] The ischemic brain can act through the autonomic nervous system to have suppressive effect that can induce intercurrent infections and contribute to the morbidity and mortality after stroke.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of neuroinflammation in ischemic stroke

Li¹,

Pan²,

Tang³

et al. 2017

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Ischemic stroke causes the depletion of energy and induce excitotoxicity and neuroinflammation in the brain that results from thrombotic blockage. Neuroinflammation occurs initially depending on activated resident microglia that has the same function as the macrophage. Activated microglia participates in the neuroinflammatory process by phagocytosing the injured brain cells and producing the pro-and anti-inflammatory mediators. In this review, the authors present an overview of the role of microglia in mediating neuroinflammation in ischemic stroke. Key words:Microglia, ischemic stroke, neuroinflammation ABSTRACT Topic: StrokeThis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons AttributionNonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as the author is credited and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.

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Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase (TdT)

Zelm¹

2020

Encyclopedia of Life Sciences

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Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) is a DNA polymerase with the unique capacity to add nucleotides to a DNA strand in an untemplated fashion. This capacity is specifically utilised in developing B‐cells and T‐cells in vertebrates to generate extra diversity in the antigen receptor repertoire. During the process of V(D)J recombination developing B‐ and T‐cell rearrange the DNA encoding the immunoglobulin (Ig) and T‐cell receptor (TCR) genes, respectively. Following the introduction of double‐strand DNA breaks and prior to the ligation by members of the nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) pathway, TdT can add nontemplated (N‐)nucleotides to the open DNA ends. Through the capacity to generate longer junctions with new nucleotide compositions, TdT is critical in driving the generation of the enormous antigen receptor repertoire with a potential 10 15 unique sequences that facilitate recognition of the diverse range of pathogens vertebrates are exposed to. Key Concepts TdT is a DNA polymerase with nontemplated activity. TdT adds random nucleotides in the junctional region during V(D)J recombination. TdT expression is tightly regulated in early B‐ and T‐cell progenitors. Detection of nuclear TdT expression using recombinant antibodies is an important biomarker for diagnostics and minimal residual disease monitoring of acute leukaemias. TdT expression is regulated by IL‐7 receptor signalling. Foetal B‐ and T‐cell progenitors have reduced TdT expression and function.

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The activation of the adaptive immune system: Cross-talk between antigen-presenting cells, T cells and B cells

Cited by 124 publications

References 217 publications

Adaptive Immunity and Antigen-Specific Activation in Obesity-Associated Insulin Resistance

Adaptive Immunity and Antigen-Specific Activation in Obesity-Associated Insulin Resistance

Role of neuroinflammation in ischemic stroke

Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase (TdT)

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